Table 2.
Overview of results by level of analysis, affect, and temporal order for each hypothesis.
| Results | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Momentary level | Day level | Person level | |||||||||
| NA | PA | NA | PA | NA | |||||||
| Reference | Before use | After use | During use | After use | Before use | After use | During use | After use | |||
| Community samples | |||||||||||
| Ansell, Laws, Roche, and Sinha, 2015 | null (hostility) | null (hostility) | |||||||||
| Buckner, Crosby, Silgado, Wonderlich, and Schmidt, 2012a (same study as Buckner et al., 2012b, 2011) | + (anxiety) | null (anxiety) | |||||||||
| Buckner, Crosby, Wonderlich, and Schmidt, 2012b (same study as Buckner et al., 2012a, 2011) | null(anxiety) | ||||||||||
| Buckner et al., 2015 | + (general NA) | + (general NA) | null | + | |||||||
| Buckner, Zvolensky, and Ecker, 2013 | + (general NA) | null | |||||||||
| Buckner et al., 2011 (same study as Buckner et al., 2012a, 2012b) | + (anxiety) | ||||||||||
| Chakroun, Johnson, and Swendsen, 2010 | − (depression), null (anxiety) | ||||||||||
| Hughes et al., 2014 | |||||||||||
| Lex, Griffin, Mello, and Mendelson, 1989 | + | + (anger), null (depression) | |||||||||
| Tournier, Sorbara, Gindre, Swendsen, and Verdoux, 2003 | null(anxiety) | − (anxiety) | + (anxiety) | ||||||||
| Clinical samples | |||||||||||
| Bhushan, Blood, and Shrier, 2013 | null (general NA) | ||||||||||
| Gruber et al., 2012 (same study as Sagar et al., 2016) | + (anger) | + (general NA, anxiety, depression, anger) | |||||||||
| Henquet et al., 2010 (same study as Kuepper et al., 2013) | null (general NA) | + (general NA) | + | ||||||||
| Kuepper et al., 2013 (same study as Henquet et al., 2013) | + (general NA) | ||||||||||
| Sagar et al., 2016 (same study as Gruber et al., 2012) | + (general NA, anger) | + (general NA,depression, anger), null (anxiety) | |||||||||
| Shrier, Ross, and Blood, 2014 | + (general NA) | + (general NA) | |||||||||
| Swendsen, Ben-Zeev, and Granholm, 2011 | null (anxiety), − (sadness) | null (anxiety, sadness) | |||||||||
| Trull, Wycoff, Lane, Carpenter, and Brown, 2016 | null (general NA, anxiety), + (hostility) | null | null | null (general NA, sadness, anxiety), + (hostility) | |||||||
| Tyler, Jones, Black, Carter, and Barrowclough, 2015 | null (general NA) | − (depression) | + | ||||||||
Note. + = supports hypothesis, − = opposite to hypothesis, null = neither supports nor offers opposite findings to hypothesis, blank = study did not report findings for that cell