Table 1.

Selected suggested protocols, resources and approaches.

Biofluids-specific EV and exRNA isolation protocols, including those for plasma, serum, CSF, milk.

Methods for isolation and quantification of cell- or tissue-specific EVs from biofluids.

Methods for isolation and quantification of EV subtypes.

SOPs to help increase purity of EVs.

Guidelines for handling and studying small-volume samples.

Evidence-based EV storage methods.

Housekeeping genes for EV RNA normalization, perhaps different for different classes of RNA.

More efficient protocols for removal of extra-EV RNA: it is difficult to remove all “outer” RNA even with combined protease/RNase treatments.

Methods to load EVs with specific RNAs.

Better or more direct sensor systems to measure functions of EV/exRNA uptake.

EV flow (nano-flow) guidelines, including for single-EV assays.

A catalog of EV-relevant antibodies that have been used successfully.

Better molecular labelling methods.

Regular updates to existing protocols and guidelines, including MISEV.

Updated nomenclature.

Simple bioinformatics analysis pipelines.

Updates of existing EV databases to exclude studies that are likely contaminated or rank quality of evidence.

Open minds—avoid standardizing too early or too dogmatically.