Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of postmenopausal women from the Women’s Health Initiative by paternal survival, 1993–1998 (N = 22,291)a
| Paternal survival, years | P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <70 (N = 8,552) | 70–79 (N = 6,124) | 80–89 (N = 5,434) | ≥90 (N = 2,181) | ||
| Age, mean (SD), years | 73.5 (2.6) | 73.5 (2.6) | 73.5 (2.6) | 73.5 (2.5) | 0.59 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| White | 7,641 (89.7) | 5,572 (91.3) | 4,941 (91.3) | 1,942 (89.2) | |
| Black | 504 (5.9) | 289 (4.7) | 233 (4.3) | 88 (4.0) | <0.001 |
| Hispanic | 123 (1.4) | 59 (0.9) | 65 (1.2) | 40 (1.8) | |
| Other | 253 (3.0) | 182 (3.0) | 174 (3.2) | 108 (5.0) | |
| Educational level | |||||
| Less than high school | 585 (6.9) | 358 (5.9) | 261 (4.8) | 100 (4.6) | |
| High school | 1,582 (18.6) | 1,101 (18.1) | 934 (17.3) | 310 (14.3) | <0.001 |
| Some college | 3,482 (41.0) | 2,357 (38.7) | 2,102 (38.8) | 829 (38.1) | |
| College graduate | 2,849 (33.5) | 2,271 (37.3) | 2,116 (39.1) | 935 (43.0) | |
| Income | |||||
| <$20,000 | 2,189 (27.6) | 1,486 (26.2) | 1,207 (23.9) | 414 (20.5) | |
| $20,000-<$50,000 | 3,976 (50.2) | 2,887 (50.9) | 2,630 (52.1) | 1,046 (51.9) | <0.001 |
| ≥$50,000 | 1,760 (22.2) | 1,294 (22.8) | 1,216 (24.1) | 556 (27.6) | |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married/living as married | 4,102 (48.1) | 3,003 (49.2) | 2,747 (50.8) | 1,129 (51.9) | |
| Widowed | 3,165 (37.1) | 2,180 (35.7) | 1,911 (35.3) | 759 (34.9) | 0.01 |
| Divorced/separated | 891 (10.5) | 632 (10.4) | 533 (9.9) | 187 (8.6) | |
| Never married | 364 (4.3) | 284 (4.7) | 221 (4.1) | 100 (4.6) | |
| Smoking behavior | |||||
| Never smoked | 4,508 (53.4) | 3,213 (53.4) | 3,019 (56.4) | 1,232 (57.4) | |
| Past smoker | 3,520 (41.7) | 2,527 (42.0) | 2,131 (39.8) | 832 (38.8) | <0.001 |
| Current smoker | 407 (4.8) | 283 (4.7) | 203 (3.8) | 82 (3.8) | |
| Alcohol intake | |||||
| Nondrinker | 1,005 (11.9) | 701 (11.5) | 758 (14.0) | 297 (13.7) | |
| Past drinker | 1,811 (21.4) | 1,285 (21.2) | 1,030 (19.1) | 386 (17.8) | <0.001 |
| Current drinker | 5,661 (66.8) | 4,090 (67.3) | 3,612 (66.9) | 1,487 (68.5) | |
| Recreational physical activity, mean (SD), MET-hours/week | 11.8 (12.9) | 12.4 (13.3) | 12.5 (13.4) | 12.3 (12.3) | 0.001 |
| Healthy eating index score, mean (SD) | 68.8 (10.4) | 69.2 (10.3) | 69.3 (10.4) | 69.6 (10.2) | 0.005 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | |||||
| Underweight | 103 (1.2) | 84 (1.4) | 55 (1.0) | 37 (1.7) | |
| Normal weight | 3,061 (36.1) | 2,288 (37.7) | 2,102 (39.1) | 824 (38.0) | 0.002 |
| Overweight | 3,151 (37.2) | 2,234 (36.9) | 1,968 (36.6) | 823 (38.0) | |
| Obese | 2,161 (25.5) | 1,457 (24.0) | 1,256 (23.3) | 482 (22.3) | |
| Burnham depression scale score ≥0.06 | 716 (8.7) | 483 (8.1) | 410 (7.7) | 156 (7.4) | 0.12 |
| History of major age-related diseases | |||||
| Coronary heart disease | 1,458 (17.1) | 918 (15.0) | 702 (12.9) | 261 (12.0) | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 1,031 (12.1) | 684 (11.2) | 645 (11.9) | 230 (10.6) | 0.13 |
| Cancer | 2,697 (31.5) | 1,933 (31.6) | 1,699 (31.3) | 679 (31.1) | 0.97 |
| Diabetes | 1,407 (16.5) | 900 (14.7) | 785 (14.5) | 302 (13.9) | <0.001 |
| Hip fracture | 562 (6.6) | 486 (7.9) | 423 (7.8) | 158 (7.2) | 0.007 |
| ≥1 Disease | 5,200 (60.8) | 3,625 (59.2) | 3,156 (58.1) | 1,242 (57.0) | <0.001 |
| Self-rated health | |||||
| Excellent | 991 (11.7) | 792 (13.0) | 753 (14.0) | 336 (15.5) | |
| Very good | 3,247 (38.3) | 2,362 (38.8) | 2,234 (41.4) | 931 (43.0) | <0.001 |
| Good | 3,262 (38.4) | 2,249 (37.0) | 1,906 (35.3) | 731 (33.8) | |
| Fair/poor | 987 (11.6) | 679 (11.2) | 503 (9.3) | 165 (7.6) | |
MET, metabolic equivalent; SD, standard deviation.
aValues are represented as No. (%), unless otherwise indicated. Data do not sum to total due to missing data.