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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2018 Apr 25;54:37–42. doi: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.04.010

Figure 2. Comparison between natural cells and artificial cells for tissue engineering.

Figure 2

Natural stem cells have certain limitations in clinical usage. Artificial cells keep the membranes and growth factors from the parental stem cells with the genetic materials removed. They could circumvent the shortages of natural stem cells. Importantly, the main regenerative mechanisms of adult stem cells and artificial cells are both from paracrine effect. CSCs: Cardiac Stem Cells, PLGA: Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid, CMMPs: Cell-Mimicking Microparticles.