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. 2018 Oct 25;8:15824. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33892-z

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Bone healing was facilitated by transplantation of the fibronectin-coated NanoCliP-FD gel with dOBs. Fibronectin-coated NanoCliP-FD gel with HDFs or dOBs was prepared as in Fig. 3, and transplanted into an artificial segmental bone defect lesion that was created at femoral diaphysis in NOG/SCID mice. Control mice were not transplanted (−). Mice were sacrificed 21 days after the surgery. (a,b) µCT images of the femur were acquired. Serial 10-µm slices (top and middle) and 3D reconstructed (bottom) images (a) and %Callus formation (b) are shown. (c) Serial sections of the tissues were stained with H-E (upper) and Alizarin red S (lower). In (a) triangles and arrows represent bone defect lesions and regenerated bone tissue, respectively. In (b), values are means ± SD. N = 3 mice. **p < 0.01 vs. non-transplantation control. In (c), *and +represent regenerated bone tissue and NanoCliP-FD gel, respectively, and arrowheads represent bone defect lesions.