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. 2018 Oct 25;8:15807. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34001-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The sensor, experimental setup, and bacteria imaged within the microfluidic chip. (a) The closeup view of the microwave resonator with the microfluidic chip resting on top secured by double sided duct tape. (b) The experimental setup that includes the syringe pump, flow tubing, microwave setup, waste collection and vector network analyzer (VNA) system. (c,d) Visual illustration of E. coli bacteria at an initial OD₆₀₀ value of 1.6 and pH 7.5 on top of the active region of the sensor. (c) The bare microfluidic channel while, (d) the subsequent figures show each dilution factor as labelled inside the chip.