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. 2018 Sep 30;7(10):621–628. doi: 10.1002/psp4.12352

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© 2018 The Authors CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

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Adaptive immune responses mediated by foreign antigens through activation of immune cells and secretion of cytokines. Black lines represent activation or positive regulations, and the red lines represent inhibition or negative regulations. Ab, antibody; Ag, antigen; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CTLA, cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte antigen; DC, dendritic cells; IL, interleukin; MS, maturation signal; pMHC‐II, peptide‐major histocompatibility complex II; TGFβ, transforming growth factor‐beta.