Figure 1.

Proposed application of intraluminal SERS nanoparticles. (a) Patient presents with potential NMIBC (red tissue). (b) Before cystoscopy, intraluminal SERS nanoparticles are administered. Each nanoparticle color represents a different targeting mechanism (CA9, red; passive, blue; CD47, green). (c) Patient gets standard of care, which is transurethral resection guided by WLC. Regions ambiguous on WLC are subsequently interrogated with Raman endoscopy. (d, e) Based on absolute and relative binding levels of each channel, flat lesions that are identified, and cancerous tissue is resected.