Table 1.

Examples of lncRNAs Participating in Glioma Phenotypes

Phenotype	lncRNA	Activity	Mechanism	Reference
Proliferation	MALAT1	promote cell proliferation	sponge miR-101	23, 24
		promote GSC tumorigenesis	suppress miR-129 and facilitate SOX2 expression	25
	HOTAIR	promote cell growth	bind to EZH2	27, 30
			interact with miR-326/FGF1 pathway	31
	FOXM1-AS	promote GSC tumorigenesis	facilitate nuclear interaction of ALKBH5 and FOXM1 pre-mRNA	35
	HOXA11-AS	affect cell cycle progression	regulate cell cycle proteins	38
		promote tumorigenesis	sponge miR-140-5p	39
			interact with miR-214-3p/EZH2 axis	40
			sponge miR-124-3p	41
	ECONEXIN	promote cell proliferation	interact with miR-411-5p/ TOP2A axis	42
	H19	promote cell proliferation	interact with miR-675/CDK6 axis	49
			interact with miR-140/iASPP axis	52
			reduce miR-152	53
	XIST	promote cell proliferation	interact with miR-152	55
			interact with miR-137/Rac1 axis	57
			sponge miR-429	58
	CRNDE	promote cell growth	interact with P70S6K-mediated mTOR signaling	61
		promote GSC proliferation	negatively regulate miR-186	62
		promote cell proliferation	attenuate miR-384/PIWIL4/STAT3 axis	63
			negatively regulate miR-136-5p	64
	NEAT1	promote cell growth	interact with EGFR/NEAT1/EZH2/β-catenin	69
			interact with miR-449b-5p/c-Met axis	70
		promote GSC proliferation	interact with microRNA let-7e	71
		promote cell proliferation	interact with miR-132/SOX2 axis	73
	HCP5	promote cell proliferation	interact with HCP5-miR-139-RUNX1 feedback loop	78
	HIF1A-AS2	promote GSC growth	interact with IGF2BP2 and DHX9	83
	linc-POU3F3	promote cell proliferation	regulate POU3F3 expression	87
	CASC2c	promote cell proliferation	interact with miR-101	92
	HMMR-AS1	promote cell proliferation	regulate HMMR expression	93
Growth suppression	MALAT1	inhibit cell proliferation	inactivate ERK/MAPK signaling	21
		suppress tumor growth	suppress miR-155 expression and activate FBXW7 function	22
	HOTTIP	inhibit cell proliferation	downregulate BRE	36
	GAS5	inhibit cell proliferation	reduce miR-222 and increase bmf and Plexin C1	43
		inhibit GSC proliferation	interact with miR-196a-5p/FOXO1 feedback loop	44
		inhibit cell proliferation	repress miR-18a-5p	45
	RAMP2-AS1	suppress tumor growth	interact with NOTCH3	84
	CASC2a	inhibit cell proliferation	interact with miR-21	91
Motility	MALAT1	promote cell migration	interact with non-canonical WNT signaling	20
		inhibit cell invasion	downregulate MMP2	21
	HOXA11-AS	promote cell migration and invasion	interact with miR-214-3p/EZH2 axis	40
			sponge miR-124-3p	41
	GAS5	inhibit cell migration and invasion	reduce miR-222 and increase bmf and Plexin C1	43
		inhibit GSC migration and invasion	interact with miR-196a-5p/FOXO1 feedback loop	44
		inhibit cell migration and invasion	repress miR-18a-5p	45
	H19	promote cell migration and invasion	derive miR-675	49, 50
			interact with miR-140/iASPP axis	52
			reduce miR-152	53
	XIST	promote cell migration and invasion	interact with miR-152	55
	CRNDE	promote cell migration and invasion	interact with P70S6K-mediated mTOR signaling	61
		promote GSC migration and invasion	negatively regulate miR-186	62
		promote cell migration and invasion	attenuate miR-384/PIWIL4/STAT3 axis	63
			negatively regulate miR-136-5p	64
	NEAT1	promote cell invasion	interact with EGFR/NEAT1/EZH2/β-catenin	69
			interact with miR-449b-5p/c-Met axis	70
		promote GSC migration and invasion	interact with microRNA let-7e	71
		promote cell migration and invasion	interact with miR-132/SOX2 axis	73
	HCP5	promote cell migration and invasion	interact with HCP5/miR-139/RUNX1 feedback loop	78
	CASC2a	inhibit cell migration and invasion	interact with miR-21	91
	CASC2c	promote cell migration and invasion	interact with miR-101	92
	HMMR-AS1	promote cell migration and invasion	regulate HMMR and mesenchymal phenotypes	93
Viability	MALAT1	inhibit apoptosis	sponge miR-101	23
	HOTAIR	inhibit apoptosis	interact with miR-326/FGF1 pathway	31
	HOTTIP	promote apoptosis	downregulate BRE	36
	HOXA11-AS	inhibit apoptosis	sponge miR-140-5p	39
			sponge miR-124-3p	41
	GAS5	promote apoptosis	reduce miR-222 and increase bmf and Plexin C1	43
	XIST	inhibit apoptosis	interact with miR-152	55
	CRNDE	inhibit apoptosis	negatively regulate miR-186	62
			attenuate miR-384/PIWIL4/STAT3 axis	63
			negatively regulate miR-136-5p	64
	NEAT1	inhibit GSC apoptosis	interact with microRNA let-7e	71
	HCP5	inhibit apoptosis	interact with HCP5/miR-139/RUNX1 feedback loop	78
	CASC2a	promote apoptosis	interact with miR-21	91
Angiogenesis	H19	promote glioma angiogenesis	interact with miR-29a/VASH2 axis	51
	XIST	promote glioma angiogenesis	interact with miR-137/FOXC1/CXCR7 axis	56
			sponge miR-429	58
	linc-POU3F3	promote angiogenesis	regulate bFGF, VEGFA, bFGFR, and Angio	88

bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; bFGFR, bFGF receptor; VEGFA, vascular endothelial growth factor A.