Table 10.

Associations between abnormal nutrient intakes and mortality across levels of frailty

Nutrients		Frailty index score
		≤0.1	p value	> 0.1 to 0.2	p value	> 0.2 to 0.3	p value	> 0.3	p value
		HR (95%CI)		HR (95%CI)		HR (95%CI)		HR (95%CI)
Energy	Low	1.14 (0.74, 1.77)	0.554	1.00 (0.73, 1.35)	0.976	1.16 (0.83, 1.61)	0.384	1.55 (1.14, 2.10)	0.005*
Energy per weight	Low	1.16 (0.72, 1.86)	0.547	0.87 (0.64, 1.18)	0.373	0.93 (0.69, 1.25)	0.632	1.36 (1.00, 1.86)	0.052
	High	0.77 (0.40, 1.47)	0.427	1.11 (0.73, 1.68)	0.620	1.04 (0.63, 1.73)	0.868	1.38 (0.85, 2.25)	0.195
Protein	Low	1.09 (0.64, 1.84)	0.758	0.93 (0.65, 1.32)	0.675	0.84 (0.61, 1.15)	0.266	0.93 (0.71, 1.22)	0.607
Protein per weight	Low	0.90 (0.56, 1.45)	0.670	1.05 (0.76, 1.45)	0.765	0.80 (0.59, 1.09)	0.161	0.84 (0.62, 1.12)	0.238
Carbohydrate	Low	1.25 (0.75, 2.11)	0.394	1.30 (0.92, 1.83)	0.134	1.25 (0.90, 1.74)	0.178	0.88 (0.66, 1.71)	0.367
Simple sugar	High	1.02 (0.46, 2.26)	0.964	0.73 (0.45, 1.17)	0.189	0.92 (0.57, 1.48)	0.720	1.15 (0.77, 1.81)	0.505
Dietary fiber per energy	Low	0.57 (0.32, 1.03)	0.064	1.42 (0.98, 2.26)	0.140	0.99 (0.66, 1.48)	0.941	0.89 (0.62, 1.27)	0.510
Percentage of fat	Low	1.16 (0.31, 4.36)	0.822	0.62 (0.27, 1.43)	0.265	1.42 (0.91, 2.21)	0.335	0.56 (0.31, 1.02)	0.990
	High	1.29 (0.61, 2.73)	0.509	0.68 (0.44, 1.04)	0.072	0.96 (0.76, 122)	0.121	1.049 (0.75, 1.48)	0.784
Percentage of saturated fat	High	0.87 (0.58, 1.32)	0.523	1.27 (0.96, 1.67)	0.092	1.11 (0.85, 1.44)	0.450	0.97 (0.78, 1.21)	0.800
Cholesterol	High	1.17 (0.74, 1.84)	0.502	1.03 (0.76, 1.39)	0.857	1.21 (0.89, 1.66)	0.225	1.08 (0.84, 1.40)	0.552
Vitamin A, RAE	Low	1.47 (0.83, 2.59)	0.184	1.51 (1.03, 2.21)	0.033*	0.99 (0.71, 1.38)	0.935	1.03 (0.78, 1.37)	0.818
	High	1.22 (0.16, 9.41)	0.849	–		2.01 (0.72, 5.63)	0.182	–
Vitamin C	Low	0.95 (0.62, 1.45)	0.814	1.26 (0.94, 1.67)	0.121	1.19 (0.90, 1.57)	0.223	1.23 (0.97, 1.56)	0.091
	High	–		–		–		–
Vitamin E	Low	–		1.31 (0.62, 2.73)	0.478	1.20 (0.53, 2.74)	0.658	3.49 (1.15, 11.00)	0.033*
Vitamin K	Low	1.13 (0.65, 1.97)	0.657	1.35 (0.92, 1.98)	0.121	1.06 (0.74, 1.51)	0.755	0.97 (0.72, 1.31)	0.842
Thiamin	Low	1.61 (0.99, 2.60)	0.055	1.31 (0.95, 1.80)	0.095	1.17 (0.86, 1.58)	0.310	1.15 (0.89, 1.48)	0.288
Riboflavin	Low	0.83 (0.45, 1.53)	0.548	0.93 (0.62, 1.40)	0.733	1.17 (0.83, 1.65)	0.361	1.00 (0.75, 1.32)	0.992
Niacin	Low	1.15 (0.70, 1.91)	0.581	1.16 (0.83, 1.61)	0.388	1.05 (0.77, 1.43)	0.754	0.99 (0.76, 1.29)	0.945
	High	0.81 (0.39, 1.70)	0.580	1.10 (0.68, 1.77)	0.699	0.58 (0.32, 1.05)	0.074	1.37 (0.89, 2.11)	0.148
Pyridoxine	Low	0.87 (0.55, 1.39)	0.566	0.96 (0.71, 1.31)	0.815	1.26 (0.95, 1.67)	0.106	1.03 (0.80, 1.32)	0.818
Folate	Low	1.04 (0.64, 1.66)	0.885	1.37 (0.98, 1.91)	0.068	1.39 (1.01, 1.91)	0.042*	1.13 (0.84, 1.51)	0.413
	High	1.97 (0.59, 6.57)	0.269	1.35 (0.53, 3.45)	0.526	1.00 (0.31, 3.21)	0.996	0.77 (0.19, 3.16)	0.714
Cobalamin	Low	1.10 (0.68, 1.77)	0.695	1.09 (0.79, 1.49)	0.605	1.15 (0.86, 1.54)	0.351	0.94 (0.73, 1.21)	0.635
Calcium	Low	1.20 (0.67, 2.14)	0.548	1.09 (0.73, 1.62)	0.679	1.06 (0.74, 1.53)	0.747	1.05 (0.74, 1.50)	0.773
	High	0.74 (0.10, 5.69)	0.769	1.42 (0.34, 5.99)	0.629	–		–
Phosphorous	Low	0.67 (0.34, 1.33)	0.251	0.85 (0.56, 1.29)	0.446	1.03 (0.71, 1.49)	0.888	1.14 (0.85, 1.53)	0.380
	High	–		–		–		–
Magnesium	Low	0.74 (0.41, 1.32)	0.307	1.49 (0.94, 2.36)	0.089	1.40 (0.86, 2.28)	0.179	1.11 (0.73, 1.69)	0.634
Iron	Low	1.32 (0.75, 2.31)	0.338	1.09 (0.75, 1.60)	0.650	1.17 (0.81, 1.67)	0.402	1.06 (0.79, 1.42)	0.703
	High	–		1.34 (0.42, 4.30)	0.620	–		–
Zinc	Low	1.04 (0.65, 1.67)	0.855	1.21 (0.89, 1.66)	0.228	0.90 (0.66, 1.23)	0.509	0.96 (0.74, 1.25)	0.761
	High	–		2.47 (0.59, 10.41)	0.217	–		–
Copper	Low	1.24 (0.74, 2.06)	0.410	1.20 (0.87, 1.68)	0.270	1.25 (0.92, 1.71)	0.154	0.79 (0.60, 1.04)	0.098
	High	6.35 (0.86, 46.98)	0.070	–		–		–
Sodium	Low	0.79 (0.37, 1.71)	0.550	1.04 (0.62, 1.72)	0.893	0.82 (0.47, 1.42)	0.475	0.96 (0.67, 1.38)	0.845
	High	0.64 (0.38, 1.09)	0.099	0.84 (0.60, 1.17)	0.303	1.08 (0.79, 1.48)	0.609	1.13 (0.85, 1.48)	0.403
Potassium	Low	0.83 (0.33, 2.08)	0.695	0.86 (0.45, 1.64)	0.646	1.18 (0.50, 2.80)	0.700	1.00 (0.43, 2.32)	0.996
Selenium	Low	1.61 (0.93, 2.77)	0.088	1.03 (0.70, 1.52	0.885	1.05 (0.76, 1.47)	0.757	1.06 (0.80, 1.39)	0.700
	High	–		–		–		–
Caffeine	High	1.07 (0.58, 1.98)	0.834	1.63 (1.09, 2.43)	0.016*	1.59 (0.97, 2.60)	0.064	0.61 (0.37, 0.99)	0.047*
Alcohol	High	0.92 (0.49, 1.74)	0.805	1.17 (0.81, 1.74)	0.386	1.18 (0.76, 1.83)	0.465	0.72 (0.43, 1.22)	0.223
Linoleic acid	Low	0.88 (0.54, 1.43)	0.599	1.55 (1.12, 2.16)	0.009*	0.81 (0.57, 1.13)	0.216	1.16 (0.87, 1.54)	0.312
α-Linolenic acid	Low	1.12 (0.69, 1.83)	0.652	1.18 (0.86, 1.63)	0.311	0.84 (0.60, 1.16)	0.279	1.21 (0.91, 1.61)	0.193
Fish oil	Low	0.82 (0.45, 1.50)	0.522	1.70 (1.00, 2.88)	0.048*	0.86 (0.57, 1.30)	0.466	1.04 (0.69, 1.57)	0.850

RAE Retinol activity equivalents

All analyses were adjusted for age, sex, race, energy intake, educational level, marital status, employment status, smoking and study cohort except for energy, energy per weight and dietary fiber per energy which were not adjusted for energy intake

– Results are not available due to low sample sizes and mortality rate, *p value < 0.05