Table 1.
Distribution of the subject suffering from COPD and their age- and sex-matched non-COPD controls according to study variables
| Variable | Category | COPD, N (%) No | COPD, N (%) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age groups | 40–54 years | 866 (32.1) | 866 (32.1) | NA |
| 55–64 years | 557 (20.6) | 557 (20.6) | ||
| 65 years or more | 1,276 (47.3) | 1,276 (47.3) | ||
| Gender | Female | 1,767 (65.5) | 1,767 (65.5) | NA |
| Educational level | No studies/primary | 1,642 (61.0) | 1,548 (57.4) | 0.030 |
| Secondary | 552 (20.5) | 606 (22.5) | ||
| High education | 499 (18.5) | 541 (20.1) | ||
| Monthly income | <900 € | 912 (40.2) | 791 (35.5) | 0.005 |
| 900–2,000 € | 966 (42.5) | 1,012 (45.4) | ||
| >2,000 € | 393 (17.3) | 425 (19.1) | ||
| Living with a partner | Yes | 1,538 (57.0) | 1,579 (58.5) | 0.270 |
| Obesity | Yes | 885 (37.3) | 630 (26.8) | <0.001 |
| Physical exercise | Yes | 185 (6.9) | 219 (8.1) | 0.079 |
| Tobacco use | Current smoker | 759 (28.1) | 473 (17.6) | <0.001 |
| Ex-smoker | 1,536 (57.0) | 609 (22.6) | ||
| Never | 402 (14.9) | 1,613 (59.9) | ||
| Alcohol consumption | Yes | 1,010 (50.8) | 1,042 (51.3) | 0.729 |
| Self-rated health | Fair/poor/very poor | 1,783 (66.1) | 1,253 (46.4) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | Yes | 438 (16.2) | 319 (11.8) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension and/or heart disease | Yes | 1,198 (44.4) | 1,017 (37.7) | <0.001 |
| Osteoporosis | Yes | 420 (15.6) | 277 (10.3) | <0.001 |
| Cancer | Yes | 188 (7.0) | 138 (5.1) | 0.001 |
| Mental disorders | Yes | 877 (32.5) | 527 (19.5) | <0.001 |
| Self-reported caries | Yes | 766 (28.4) | 674 (25.0) | 0.005 |
| Self-rated extraction of teeth | Yes | 2,376 (88.0) | 2,316 (85.8) | 0.015 |
| Self-reported dental filling | Yes | 1,498 (55.5) | 1,522 (56.4) | 0.528 |
| Self-reported missing any teeth | Yes | 1,682 (62.3) | 1,559 (57.8) | 0.001 |
| Self-reported keeping all natural teeth | Yes | 182 (6.7) | 236 (8.7) | 0.006 |
| General practitioner visit in the last 4 weeks | Yes | 1,561 (57.8) | 1,234 (45.7) | <0.001 |
| Hospital admission in the last 12 months | Yes | 496 (18.4) | 289 (10.7) | <0.001 |
| Emergency room visit in the last 12 months | Yes | 1,155 (42.8) | 744 (27.6) | <0.001 |
| Last visit to the dentist in the last 3 months | Yes | 467 (17.3) | 425 (15.7) | 0.456 |
| Dental insurance type | Public health insurance | 333 (12.7) | 252 (9.6) | 0.001 |
| Private insurance | 948 (36.1) | 962 (36.5) | ||
| Fully private practice | 1,345 (51.2) | 1,419 (53.9) | ||
| Reason for last visit “check-up” | Yes | 1,051 (39.8) | 1,126 (42.6) | 0.041 |
| Reason for last visit “dental cleaning” | Yes | 750 (28.4) | 818 (30.9) | 0.047 |
| Reason for last visit “filling” | Yes | 532 (20.1) | 536 (20.3) | 0.918 |
| Reason for last visit “extractions” | Yes | 676 (25.6) | 621 (23.5) | 0.079 |
| Reason for last visit “prosthesis treatment” | Yes | 717 (27.1) | 694 (26.2) | 0.456 |
| Periodontal disease | Yes | 715 (26.5) | 600 (22.2) | <0.001 |
Abbreviation: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.