Table 2.
Prevalence of periodontal disease among COPD subjects and age- and sex-matched non-COPD controls according to demographic and socioeconomic variables and lifestyles
| Variable | Category | COPD, N (%) | No COPD, N (%) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age groups | 40–54 years | 246 (28.4) | 210 (24.2) | 0.050 |
| 55–64 years | 166 (29.8) | 131 (23.5) | 0.018 | |
| 65 years or more | 303 (23.7) | 259 (20.3) | 0.036 | |
| Gender | Male | 246 (26.4) | 195 (20.9) | 0.004 |
| Female | 469 (26.5) | 405 (22.9) | <0.001 | |
| Educational levela,b | No studies/primary | 471 (28.7) | 371 (24.0) | 0.002 |
| Secondary | 143 (25.9) | 123 (20.3) | 0.258 | |
| High education | 101 (20.2) | 106 (19.6) | 0.210 | |
| Monthly incomeb | ,900 € | 262 (28.7) | 212 (26.8) | 0.042 |
| 900–2,000 € | 255 (26.4) | 216 (21.39) | 0.133 | |
| .2,000 € | 96 (24.4) | 85 (20.0) | 0.068 | |
| Living with a partner | No | 302 (26.1) | 246 (22.0) | 0.076 |
| Yes | 412 (26.8) | 354 (22.4) | 0.001 | |
| Obesitya,b | No | 366 (24.6) | 358 (20.8) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 254 (28.7) | 162 (25.7) | 0.663 | |
| Physical exercisea | No | 681 (27.1) | 561 (22.6) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 34 (18.4) | 39 (17.8) | 0.9 | |
| Tobacco use | Current smoker | 205 (27.0) | 99 (20.9) | 0.003 |
| Ex-smoker | 398 (25.9) | 134 (22.0) | 0.006 | |
| Never | 112 (27.9) | 366 (22.7) | 0.01 | |
| Alcohol consumptionb | No | 275 (28.1) | 199 (20.1) | 0.005 |
| Yes | 262 (25.9) | 252 (24.2) | 0.145 |
Notes: P-value: significant differences (P<0.05) between COPD sufferers and non-COPD sufferers for periodontal disease. Comparisons conducted using conditional logistic regression.
a
Significant association (P<0.05) between the variable and periodontal disease among COPD sufferers. Comparisons conducted using Fisher’s exact test.
b
Significant association (P<0.05) between the variable and periodontal disease among non-COPD sufferers. Comparisons conducted using Fisher’s exact test.
Abbreviation: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.