Table 3.
Subjects with Hypertension Stratified by Number of Anti-Hypertensive Drugs
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 or > | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | (N=59) | (N=228) | (N=145) | (N=45) | P Valuea |
| Age, y | 66 ± 11 | 65 ± 9 | 70 ± 10 | 69 ± 11 | <.001 |
| Female Gender, n (%) | 31 (53%) | 144 (63%) | 78 (54%) | 17 (38%) | .02 |
| Aldosterone, ng/dL, median (min, max) | 4.80 (2.5, 21.1) | 6.40 (1.7, 91.0) | 7.10 (2.5, 67.5) | 7.90 (2.5, 79.2) | .002 |
| Aldo in tertiles, n (%) | .004 | ||||
| 1 | 20 (34%) | 59 (26%) | 28 (19%) | 7 (16%) | |
| 2 | 19 (32%) | 59 (26%) | 39 (27%) | 11 (24%) | |
| 3 | 20 (34%) | 110 (48%) | 78 (54%) | 27 (60%) | |
| ANP, pg/ml | 11.80 (7.30, 15.60) | 12.75 (8.05, 18.50) | 14.80 (10.60, 21.10) | 15.60 (9.10, 25.90) | .005 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29 ± 6 | 29 ± 6 | 30 ± 6 | 32 ± 6 | <.001 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 20 (34%) | 101 (44%) | 65 (45%) | 27 (60%) | .002 |
| Waist circumference > 102 cm in males, > 88 cm in females, n (%) | 21 (36%) | 101 (44%) | 67 (46%) | 24 (53%) | .02 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure, mmHg | 152 ± 22 | 141 ± 22 | 139 ± 22 | 152 ± 22 | .05 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure, mmHg | 81 ± 9 | 75 ± 11 | 73 ± 11 | 77 ± 11 | <.001 |
| Total Cholesterol, mg/dL | 213 ± 34 | 202 ± 35 | 191 ± 33 | 197 ± 41 | .02 |
| HDL Cholesterol, mg/dL | 49 ± 19 | 46 ± 13 | 42 ± 15 | 42 ± 16 | .05 |
| LDL Cholesterol, mg/dL | 136 ± 32 | 125 ± 31 | 116 ± 28 | 118 ± 29 | <.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 137 ± 64 | 149 ± 79 | 166 ± 80 | 184 ±185 | .004 |
| Calculated GFR, ml/min, (MDRD formula) | 78.74 ± 19.79 | 77.28 ± 18.05 | 70.76 ± 23.23 | 68.18 ± 18.40 | .005 |
| CKD, n (%) | 11 (19%) | 37 (16%) | 51 (35%) | 20 (44%) | .001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.80 (0.70, 1.00) | 0.80 (0.70, 1.00) | 0.90 (0.80, 1.20) | 1.00 (0.80, 1.30) | .02 |
| Insulin, μU/mL | 5.60 (4.20, 8.90) | 6.25 (4.00, 10.00) | 7.20 (4.90, 10.30) | 7.90 (5.50, 12.00) | .06 |
| Serum Glucose, mg/dL | 95 (88, 101) | 95 (89, 104) | 101 (93, 110) | 102 (94, 119) | .005 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 5 (8%) | 22 (10%) | 29 (20%) | 13 (29%) | .002 |
| Metabolic Syndrome, n (%) | 14 (24%) | 64 (28%) | 61 (42%) | 15 (33%) | .26 |
| Current/Former Smoker, n (%) | 27 (48%) | 92 (40%) | 69 (48%) | 25 (56%) | .22 |
| Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter, n (%) | 3 (5%) | 7 (3%) | 16 (11%) | 11 (24%) | .002 |
| Coronary Artery Disease, n (%) | 7 (12%) | 32 (14%) | 39 (27%) | 20 (44%) | <.001 |
| Heart Failure, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (2%) | 13 (9%) | 10 (22%) | <.001 |
| Myocardial Infarction, n (%) | 2 (3%) | 17 (7%) | 17 (12%) | 7 (16%) | .13 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 1 (2%) | 4 (2%) | 10 (7%) | 3 (7%) | .06 |
| Antilipemic Therapy, n (%) | 11 (19%) | 59 (26%) | 39 (27%) | 19 (42%) | 0.05 |
| Echocardiographic Parameters | |||||
| Ejection Fraction <40%, n (%) | 1 (2%) | 5 (2%) | 6 (4%) | 4 (9%) | .14 |
| LVH, n(%) | 23 (51%) | 78 (44%) | 53 (50%) | 23 (79%) | .59 |
| cLVH, n (%) | 19 (42%) | 49 (28%) | 35 (33%) | 17 (59%) | .92 |
| Diastolic Dysfunction, n (%) | .60 | ||||
| No | 21 (41%) | 118 (56%) | 53 (44%) | 15 (42%) | |
| Mild | 22 (43%) | 73 (35%) | 40 (33%) | 13 (36%) | |
| Mod/Severe | 8 (16%) | 19 (9%) | 27 (23%) | 8 (22%) |
a
Age-sex-body mass index adjusted P value. Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (first quartile − third quartile). BMI= body mass index, ANP= atrial natriuretic peptide, HDL= high density lipoprotein, LDL= low density lipoprotein, GFR= glomerular filtration rate, MDRD= Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (formula), CKD= chronic kidney disease, LVH= left ventricular hypertrophy, cLVH= concentric LVH.