Table 2. Association of Black and Hispanic Race/Ethnicity, Compared With Non-Hispanic White Race/Ethnicity, With Hemoglobin A1c Trajectory Groups in 1011 Patients.
Modela | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Black Race (n = 128)b | Hispanic Ethnicity (n = 140)b | |||||
Group 1: Low Baseline and Mild Increases | Group 2: Moderate Baseline and Moderate Increases | Group 3: Moderate Baseline and Major Increases | Group 1: Low Baseline and Mild Increases | Group 2: Moderate Baseline and Moderate Increases | Group 3: Moderate Baseline and Major Increases | |
Model 1 | 1 [Reference] | 2.90 (1.88-4.46) | 7.98 (4.42-14.38) | 1 [Reference] | 1.71 (1.17-2.49) | 3.29 (1.78-6.08) |
Model 2 | 1 [Reference] | 3.00 (1.92-4.67) | 9.94 (5.15-19.20) | 1 [Reference] | 1.67 (1.08-2.58) | 3.56 (1.75-7.21) |
Model 3 | 1 [Reference] | 2.50 (1.54-4.05) | 7.50 (3.68-15.26) | 1 [Reference] | 1.43 (0.90-2.27) | 3.32 (1.60-6.91) |
Model 4 | 1 [Reference] | 1.73 (1.04-2.90) | 4.54 (2.08-9.89) | 1 [Reference] | 1.16 (0.71-1.89) | 2.24 (1.02-4.92) |
Model 1 was unadjusted. Model 2 was adjusted for demographic characteristics (age at diagnosis and clinic site). Model 3 further adjusted for body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) z score, insulin regimen, insulin dose, and frequency of blood glucose monitoring. Model 4 further adjusted for socioeconomic position (maximum parental education, household structure, and health insurance type).
Self-reported race and ethnicity were collected using 2000 US Census questions and categorized as non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, and other (Asian, Native American, Pacific Islander, other, and unknown). Respondents who self-reported as other were excluded from these analyses due to small sample size (n = 34).