Table 3. Association of Nonwhite Race/Ethnicity, Compared With Non-Hispanic White Race/Ethnicity, With Hemoglobin A1c Trajectory Group, Stratified by Sex and Age at Diagnosisa.
Modelb | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P Value for Interaction | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1: Low Baseline and Mild Increases | Group 2: Moderate Baseline and Moderate Increases | Group 3: Moderate Baseline and Major Increases | ||
Sex | ||||
Female (n = 581) | 1 [Reference] | 1.00 (0.61-1.64) | 1.48 (0.65-3.39) | .04 |
Male (n = 593) | 1 [Reference] | 2.06 (1.18-3.57) | 5.34 (2.16-13.2) | |
Age at diagnosis, y | 1 [Reference] | |||
≤9 (n = 611) | 1 [Reference] | 2.04 (1.23-3.37) | 5.37 (1.91-15.1) | .02 |
>9 (n = 564) | 1 [Reference] | 0.96 (0.55-1.65) | 1.65 (0.77-3.51) |
Self-reported race and ethnicity were collected using 2000 US Census questions. White was defined as non-Hispanic white. Nonwhite was defined as non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, Asian or Pacific Islander, Native American, other, or unknown.
Fully adjusted for age at diagnosis, clinic site, maximum parental education, household structure, health insurance type, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) z score, insulin regimen, insulin dose, and frequency of blood glucose monitoring.