Table 4.

Estimated Impacts of Treatment on Insurance Usage

	Have insurance	Received insurance benefits	Used cashless facility	Received reimbursement	Expect to receive reimbursement
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Panel A: For each major health event (self-reported)
Treatment	0.510*** (0.035)	0.0030*** (0.0006)	0.0016*** (0.0004)	0.0018*** (0.0005)	0.045*** (0.012)
Control group mean	0.057	0.0003	0.0001	0.0002	0.012
Number of events	25,072	25,072	25,072	25,072	25,072
Panel B: For each client (self-reported)
Treatment	0.683*** (0.0402)	0.0106*** (0.0019)	0.0055*** (0.0014)	0.0062*** (0.0016)	0.091*** (0.0231)
Control group mean	0.0573	0.0003	0.0001	0.0002	0.0119
Number of clients	6941	6941	6941	6941	6941
Panel C: For each client (administrative data)
Treatment	0.842*** (0.018)	0.075*** (0.007)	0.026*** (0.004)	0.053*** (0.007)
Control group mean	0	0	0	0
Number of clients	6941	6941	6941	6941

Notes

For each ‘major health event’ surveyed, panel A reports the estimated impact of treatment (imposing the insurance requirement) on clients’ self-reported insurance usage for that event: whether clients self-report the affected person having insurance at the time of the event (column (1)); whether clients self-report having received any insurance benefits from that event, through the affected person either using a cashless facility or receiving reimbursement (column (2)); whether clients self-report the affected person used a cashless facility (column (3)) or they received reimbursement (column (4)); or whether clients self-report expecting to receive reimbursement from the insurance policy (column (5)). Panel B aggregates the ‘major health events’ by client, indicating the impact of treatment on whether clients self-report any affected person in their household having: had insurance for any surveyed event (column (1)); received insurance benefits for any surveyed event (column (2)); used a cashless facility for any surveyed event (column (3)); received reimbursement for any surveyed event (column (4)); or expect to receive reimbursement for any surveyed event (column (5)). Panel C uses administrative claims data, merged to clients ever surveyed on a major health event, to report the impact of treatment on whether the client or persons covered under the client’s insurance policy: were ever enrolled in insurance (column (1)); ever received insurance benefits (column (2)); ever used a cashless facility (column (3)); or ever received reimbursement (column (4)). All regressions control for the randomization stratification groups (SKS branch and above/below median number of clients within branch), and robust standard errors clustered by village are reported in parentheses.

^{***, **, *}denote statistical significance at the 1%, 5%, 10% level, respectively.