Table 1. Quality assessment of randomised controlled trials (n = 5).

Randomised controlled trial	Intervention	Population characteristics	Sequence generation	Allocation concealment	Blinding of participant/ researcher	Selection of study population	Completeness of data	Origin of data	Clear definition of outcome?	Confounders taken into account?
Byaruhanga et al. 2015, Uganda [27]	Wind-up, Doppler vs Pinard	1971, singleton, cephalic, >37 weeks, mixed-risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk
Fahdhy et al. 2005 Indonesia [29]*	WHO partograph and training	625 low risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Unclear risk
Madaan et al. 2006 India [28]	IA vs Continuous CTG	100 post caesarean section singleton	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Unclear risk
Mahomed et al. 1994, Zimbabwe [26]	Intermittent CTG, Doppler, Pinard	1255 singleton, cephalic, >37weeks, mixed-risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
WHO, 1994 & Lennox 1998 Southeast Asia [24,25]*	WHO Partograph	35 484, mixed-risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Unclear risk

Colour coding: Green = Low risk, Red = High risk and Yellow = Unclear risk. Abbreviations: CTG = Cardiotocography, IA = Intermittent Auscultation

*Clustered randomised control trial