Table 3. Foetal monitoring methods as predictors of birth outcomes.

Method			Predicts perinatal outcomes/foetal distress1	Improves perinatal outcomes1	Predicts mode of delivery	Increases operative deliveries	Improves Maternal morbidity/ mortality
Admission test		CTG(n = 7)
		IA (Doppler, n = 1))
		Admission AFI (n = 1)
		FAST (n = 3)
		rBPP(n = 1)
		UADV(n = 2)
Ongoing intrapartum foetal monitoring	FHR	IA Pinard(n = 6) REFERENCE2
		IA Doppler(n = 3)
		CTG(n = 11)
		Partograph(n = 5)
	Adjunctive tests	MSAF(n = 7)
		FSST(n = 1)
		FBS(n = 1)
		FPO(n = 1)
		UADV(n = 1)

Green = Yes; Red = No; Orange = Unclear (i.e. outcome not reported or the evidence conflicts across studies). AFI = Amniotic fluid index, CTG = cardiotocograph, FAST = Foetal acoustic stimulation test, FBS = Foetal blood sampling, FPO = Foetal pulse oximetry, FSST = Foetal scalp stimulation test, MSAF = Meconium-staining amniotic fluid, rBPP = rapid Biophysical Profile, UADV = Umbilical artery Doppler velocity

¹Perinatal outcomes any of the following: Apgar score at 1 or 5 minutes, umbilical cord blood pH/gases, need for neonatal resuscitation, stillbirth (intrapartum/fresh), neonatal deaths before discharge/within 24hours, admission to neonatal care unit, hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy

²Pinard was used as a reference test for which Doppler and CTG were compared to.