Table 3. Causes, management and outcome of PPH according to intrauterine balloon tamponade efficiency.
Failure (n = 28) |
Success (n = 80) |
P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Uterine atony, n (%) | 13 (46.4) | 26 (32.5) | 0.20 |
Placenta praevia, n (%) | 1 (3.6) | 5 (6.2) | 0.67 |
Placenta accrete, n (%) | 2 (7.2) | 1 (1.3) | 0.18 |
Retained placenta (total or partial), n (%) | 6 (21.4) | 17 (21.3) | 0.97 |
Time from birth to PPH onset (min) | 36.7 ± 37.8 | 43.0 ± 75.0 | 0.59 |
Estimated blood loss at PPH onset (mL) | 687.4 ± 271.4 | 605.3 ± 267.4 | 0.21 |
Manual removal of retained placenta, n (%) | 9 (32.1) | 21 (26.3) | 0.85 |
Use of tranexamic acid, n (%) | 19 (67.9) | 35 (43.8) | 0.03 |
Need for sulprostone, n (%) | 28 (100) | 80 (100) | - |
Time from birth to sulprostone, n (%) | 72.1 ± 50.6 | 71.8 ± 84.0 | 0.98 |
Time from birth to IUBT (min) | 114.1 ± 66.1 | 109.7 ± 95.3 | 0.82 |
Estimated blood loss at balloon insertion (mL) | 1,785.4 ± 697.3 | 1,434.6 ± 540.0 | 0.01 |
Estimated blood loss at balloon insertion ≥ 1,500 mL, n (%) | 19 (67.9) | 38 (47.5) | 0.04 |
Volume inflated of the balloon (cc) | 458.8 ± 48.1 | 420.2 ± 103.1 | 0.06 |
Estimated blood loss after balloon placement (mL) | 1,195.0 ± 182.3 | 341.0 ± 112.2 | <0.0001 |
Time from birth to stop bleeding (min) | 309.4 ± 145.2 | 208.4 ± 136.4 | 0.002 |
Total estimated blood loss when bleeding had stopped (mL) | 2,980.4 ± 879.6 | 1,775.6 ± 652.2 | <0.0001 |
Red blood cells transfusion, n (%) | 8 (28.6) | 10 (12.5) | 0.03 |
Blood transfusion ≥ 4 packed red blood cells, n (%) | 26 (92.9) | 25 (31.3) | <0.0001 |
Fresh frozen plasma transfusion, n (%) | 8 (28.6) | 8 (10.0) | 0.02 |
Platelets transfusion, n (%) | 4 (14.3) | 4 (5.0) | 0.20 |
Fibrinogen concentrates, n (%) | 8 (28.6) | 7 (8.8) | 0.01 |
Activated factor VII, n (%) | 3 (10.7) | 0 | 0.08 |
Thromboembolic event, n (%) | 0 | 2 (2.5) | 0.55 |
Admission to intensive care unit, n (%) | 18 (64.3) | 8 (10) | <0.0001 |
Length of stay in intensive care unit (days) | 1.8 ± 1.3 | 2.9 ± 4.2 | 0.49 |
Total length of stay in maternity (days) | 6.1 ± 2.0 | 4.8 ± 1.9 | 0.007 |
Maternal death, n (%) | 0 | 0 | - |
IUBT: intrauterine balloon tamponade.
Data are mean ± standard deviations or n (%) or unless otherwise specified. Student t test, χ2 test, non-parametric Mann-Whitney test, and Fisher’s exact test were used as appropriate.