Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2018 Sep 24;127(5):1246–1258. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000003668

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the International Anesthesia Research Society.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

PMC Copyright notice

Figure 2. — Opioids. The mechanisms of opioid-induced antinociception are produced by opioid binding to opioid receptors in the brainstem and spinal cord. Opioid-induced decrease in arousal is produced by blockade of cholinergic arousal projections from the brainstem to the thalamus and cortex. The symbol denotes an excitatory effect. The symbol denotes an inhibitory effect. The symbols and denote inhibition of the indicated effects. ACh indicates acetylcholine; DRG, dorsal root ganglia; Glu, glutamate; LDT, laterodorsal tegmental area; mPRF, medial pontine reticular formation; NE, norepinephrine; PAF, peripheral afferent fiber; PAG, periaqueductal gray; PN, projection neuron; PPT, pedunculopontine tegmental area; RVM, rostral ventral medulla.

Inline graphic — Opioids. The mechanisms of opioid-induced antinociception are produced by opioid binding to opioid receptors in the brainstem and spinal cord. Opioid-induced decrease in arousal is produced by blockade of cholinergic arousal projections from the brainstem to the thalamus and cortex. The symbol denotes an excitatory effect. The symbol denotes an inhibitory effect. The symbols and denote inhibition of the indicated effects. ACh indicates acetylcholine; DRG, dorsal root ganglia; Glu, glutamate; LDT, laterodorsal tegmental area; mPRF, medial pontine reticular formation; NE, norepinephrine; PAF, peripheral afferent fiber; PAG, periaqueductal gray; PN, projection neuron; PPT, pedunculopontine tegmental area; RVM, rostral ventral medulla.