Table 4.
Demographics and clinical characteristics by exposure to maternal BM at discharge.
| Maternal BM at Discharge N=4003 (49) |
No Maternal BM at Discharge N=4094 (51) |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gestational age (weeks) | <0.001 | ||
| <26 | 400 (10) | 727 (18) | |
| 26–28 | 1362 (34) | 1698 (41) | |
| 29–32 | 2127 (53) | 1602 (39) | |
| >32 | 113 (3) | 67 (2) | |
| Male sex | 2033 (51) | 2018 (49) | 0.18 |
| 5-min. Apgar score | <0.001 | ||
| 0–3 | 97 (2) | 189 (5) | |
| 4–6 | 453 (12) | 697 (17) | |
| 7–10 | 3384 (86) | 3117 (78) | |
| Maternal race | <0.001 | ||
| White | 2098 (54) | 1557 (39) | |
| Black | 812 (21) | 1601 (41) | |
| Hispanic | 651 (17) | 650 (16) | |
| Other | 307 (8) | 141 (4) | |
| Cesarean delivery | 3089 (78) | 3055 (75) | 0.003 |
| Maternal age (years) | <0.001 | ||
| ≤19 | 189 (5) | 603 (15) | |
| 20–29 | 1761 (44) | 2145 (53) | |
| 30–39 | 1856 (47) | 1177 (29) | |
| ≥40 | 185 (5) | 154 (4) | |
| Prenatal care | 3812 (95) | 3865 (94) | 0.10 |
| Distance to NICU (miles) | 0.001 | ||
| <10 | 1664 (42) | 1838 (45) | |
| ≥10 and <20 | 1045 (26) | 934 (23) | |
| ≥20 | 1290 (32) | 1312 (32) | |
| Less than high school education or GED* (%) | <0.001 | ||
| <10 | 1839 (46) | 1176 (29) | |
| ≥10 and <30 | 1640 (41) | 1950 (48) | |
| ≥30 | 524 (13) | 968 (24) | |
| Median household income* ($) | <0.001 | ||
| <30,000 | 488 (12) | 980 (24) | |
| 30,000–59,999 | 2021 (51) | 2222 (54) | |
| ≥60,000 | 1493 (37) | 888 (22) | |
| Single female household* (%) | <0.001 | ||
| <10 | 1047 (26) | 714 (18) | |
| ≥10 and <30 | 2089 (52) | 1907 (47) | |
| ≥30 | 867 (22) | 1471 (36) | |
| Necrotizing enterocolitis | 87 (2) | 163 (4) | <0.001 |
| Late-onset sepsis | 176 (4) | 304 (7) | <0.001 |
| Donor breast milk provision | 1024 (26) | 1282 (31) | <0.001 |
Data presented as n (%).
*
Percentages or medians refer to individuals living in the maternal census tract. GED, general equivalency diploma; MBM, maternal breast milk; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit.