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. 2018 Oct 26;8:15873. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33881-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Vorinostat upregulated TGFβ pathway genes and activates TGFβ pathway in cSAM cells. (a,b) cSAM cells were cultured with 1 or 4 µM vorinostat or vehicle control (DMSO) for 6 hours, and expression of TGFβ pathway genes (a) and Hox genes (b) was analyzed by qPCR. Results were normalized to GAPDH, with the relative mRNA level in vehicle-treated cells set at 1. Data are shown as mean ± s.e.m. of duplicate wells. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, Student’s t-test. (c) cSAM cells were treated with vorinostat (1 μM) for 24 hours, following TGFβ (100 ng/ml) stimulation for 45 minutes. TGFβ-induced phosphorylation of Smad2 was substantially increased in vorinostat-treated cSAM cells.