Table 4.
Comparison of the financing and integration mechanisms of three most common PM programs in SEA
| Indicators | Targeted oncology therapy and companion diagnostic | Pharmacogenomics testing | Newborn screening | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trastuzumab | HLA-B*15:02 | Congenital hypothyroidism | ||
| Availability as routine practice | Yes | Indonesia Malaysia Singapore Thailand |
Singapore (nationwide) Thailand (major hospitals) |
Indonesia (10 provinces in 2017) Malaysia Singapore Thailand |
| No | – | Malaysia (special request) Indonesia (research) |
– | |
| Stakeholder that initiated the PM program | Pharmaceutical company | Indonesia Malaysia Singapore Thailand |
– | – |
| Clinicians | – | Singapore Thailand |
Indonesia Malaysia Singapore Thailand |
|
| Financing mechanism | Covered in national health program | Indonesia (HER2 testing as OOP expenses) Malaysia Thailand |
Thailand (Cap at THB1000) | Indonesia (Limited budget) Malaysia Thailand |
| Partial subsidy by the national health programs | Singapore (under Medical Assistance Fund scheme) | Singapore (Up to 75% subsidy) | Singapore (60% subsidy) | |
| Monitoring framework | Clinical outcome | Malaysia (in future plan) Thailand |
Singapore | – |
| Integration in healthcare | Change in local clinical practice guideline | Indonesia Malaysia Singapore Thailand |
Thailand Singapore |
Indonesia Malaysia Singapore Thailand |
| Availability of CDS in EHR | NR | Singapore Thailand (some hospitals) |
NA | |
| Presence of healthcare information | Physician | Indonesia Malaysia Singapore Thailand |
Singapore Thailand |
Indonesia Malaysia Singapore Thailand |
| Patient | Singapore | Thailand | Indonesia Malaysia Singapore Thailand |
Abbreviations
CDS clinical decision support, EHR electronic health record, NA not applicable, NR not reported or insufficient information, OOP out-of-pocket, THB Thai Baht