Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of patients with non-cardiovascular disease
| Variables | CFB quartiles | Total | P for trend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | |||
| Number of patients | 79 | 79 | 80 | 79 | 317 | |
| Age (yr) | 53.2 ± 16.2 | 56.1 ± 14.9 | 57.2 ± 15.0 | 56.3 ± 16.8 | 55.7 ± 15.7 | 0.192 |
| Sex (male, %) | 55 (69.6) | 53 (67.1) | 52 (65.0) | 47 (59.5) | 207 (65.3) | 0.176 |
| DM (n, %) | 19 (24.1) | 17 (21.5) | 15 (18.8) | 16 (20.3) | 67 (21.1) | 0.490 |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 21 (26.6) | 13 (16.5) | 14 (17.5) | 21 (26.6) | 69 (21.8) | 0.962 |
| Malignancy (n, %) | 25 (31.6) | 22 (27.8) | 22 (27.5) | 24 (30.4) | 93 (29.3) | 0.856 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 2.1 ± 2.2 | 1.9 ± 2.0 | 1.6 ± 1.7 | 1.6 ± .2.0 | 1.8 ± 2.0 | 0.076 |
| Weight (kg) | 63.8 ± 15.8 | 63.1 ± 12.8 | 64.1 ± 16.1 | 61.0 ± 12.2 | 63.0 ± 14.3 | 0.300 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.9 ± 4.4 | 23.4 ± 4.5 | 23.6 ± 5.1 | 22.7 ± 3.9 | 23.2 ± 4.5 | 0.900 |
| Body surface area (m2) | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 0.151 |
| CFB (ml/kg)* | − 3.9 (− 19.8–6.8) | 34.5 (25.6–42.7) | 72.5 (60.2–87.5) | 194.7 (147.8–265.5) | 53.5 (16.9–106.7) | < 0.001 |
| Daily fluid balance (ml/kg/d)*,† | 4.3 (− 2.7–12.9) | 12.8 (7.1–19.7) | 21.1 (11.2–35.9) | 54.0 (29.5–101.8) | 15.9 (7.1–36.4) | < 0.001 |
| Cumulative input (ml/kg)*,¶ | 195.5 (165.3–264.7) | 206.4 (166.2–263.6) | 246.2 (192.4–292.3) | 338.6 (271.8–422.5) | 231.8 (180.8–298.8) | < 0.001 |
| Cumulative total output (ml/kg) *,¶ | 206.6 (163.9–274.9) | 166.2 (132.2–221.7) | 173.7 (126.7–217.0) | 127.7 (92.0–212.9) | 183.2 (130.4–233.9) | < 0.001 |
| Cumulative urine output (ml/kg) *,¶ | 107.2 (8.1–180.9) | 98.3 (13.2–163.5) | 75.7 (15.6–127.8) | 42.7 (17.3–109.8) | 83.9 (14.0–159.6) | 0.055 |
| ICU LOS before ECMO (days)* | 2.5 (0–6) | 2 (1–4) | 1 (0–5) | 1 (0–5) | 2 (0–5) | 0.636 |
| Daily fluid balance before ECMO (ml/kg/d)*,‡ | 6.8 (− 4.8–18.2) | 17.0 (7.6–35.6) | 12.7 (4.0–45.1) | 22.0 (4.0–49.8) | 12.2 (3.9–32.5) | < 0.001 |
| ECMO cause (n, %) | ||||||
| Lung transplant | 17 (21.5) | 14 (17.9) | 12 (15.2) | 5 (6.3) | 48 (15.2) | 0.081 |
| ARDS | 17 (21.5) | 19 (24.4) | 14 (17.7) | 25 (31.6) | 75 (23.8) | |
| Other pulmonary | 13 (16.5) | 21 (26.9) | 17 (21.5) | 27 (34.2) | 78 (24.8) | |
| Others | 32 (40.5) | 25 (31.6) | 37 (46.3) | 22 (27.8) | 116 (36.6) | |
| ECMO VA mode (n, %) | 18 (22.7) | 12 (15.2) | 22 (27.5) | 21 (26.6) | 73 (23.0) | 0.321 |
| ECMO settings | ||||||
| Blood flow rate (L/min) | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 3.0 ± 0.7 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 0.661 |
| Blood flow rate (L/min/m2) | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 0.965 |
| FsO2 (%) | 91.1 ± 13.7 | 92.0 ± 13.7 | 90.7 ± 13.6 | 85.0 ± 16.6 | 89.7 ± 14.6 | 0.008 |
| ECMO DO2I (ml/min/m2) | 297.3 ± 87.9 | 302.6 ± 93.8 | 281.2 ± 89.5 | 306.0 ± 115.2 | 297.0 ± 97.6 | 0.889 |
| ECMO duration (days)* | 8 (4–16) | 8 (3–14) | 8 (3–12) | 6 (3–12) | 8 (3–13) | 0.119 |
| Mechanical ventilation (n, %) | 77 (97.5) | 77 (97.5) | 78 (97.5) | 78 (98.7) | 310 (97.8) | 0.785 |
| Days of ventilator before ECMO (days)* | 3 (1–4) | 2 (2–3) | 2 (0–3) | 3 (1–5) | 3 (1–3) | 0.377 |
| WBC (×103/μl) | 11.6 ± 6.6 | 12.8 ± 7.2 | 12.1 ± 7.9 | 14.0 ± 8.7 | 12.6 ± 7.6 | 0.108 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 10.8 ± 2.0 | 11.1 ± 2.5 | 10.4 ± 1.9 | 10.3 ± 2.5 | 10.7 ± 2.2 | 0.042 |
| SaO2 (%)* | 94.0 (88.2–98.8) | 94.4 (90.1–98.0) | 93.2 (80.7–98.5) | 95.3 (89.3–99.0) | 94.4 (88.0–98.7) | 0.707 |
| BUN (mg/dl) | 31.2 ± 20.6 | 26.3 ± 16.9 | 27.2 ± 14.8 | 29.5 ± 25.4 | 28.5 ± 19.9 | 0.684 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.4 ± 1.0 | 1.2 ± 0.8 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 1.1 ± 0.9 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 0.305 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 89.9 ± 62.7 | 94.3 ± 61.0 | 77.7 ± 54.8 | 90.6 ± 51.4 | 88.1 ± 57.7 | 0.622 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 2.8 ± 0.6 | 2.6 ± 0.7 | 2.5 ± 0.7 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 0.026 |
| Bilirubin (mg/dl) | 2.9 ± 3.7 | 3.4 ± 5.4 | 3.0 ± 3.8 | 1.9 ± 2.0 | 2.8 ± 3.9 | 0.108 |
| CRP (mg/dl) * | 69.7 (28.1–155.2) | 74.7 (32.2–141.6) | 85.0 (17.9–199.1) | 99.2 (22.0–170.8) | 81.2 (23.7–176.8) | 0.735 |
| APACHE II score | 18.9 ± 7.3 | 20.0 ± 7.3 | 19.6 ± 7.7 | 24.1 ± 8.7 | 20.7 ± 8.0 | < 0.001 |
Abbreviations: APACHE II Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, ARDS Acute respiratory distress syndrome, BUN Blood urea nitrogen, CFB Cumulative fluid balance for 3 days from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation initiation, CRP C-reactive protein, CVD Cardiovascular disease, DM Diabetes mellitus, ECMO Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate, FsO2 Fraction of sweep gas inlet oxygen supplied to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, SaO2 Oxygen saturation, VA Venoarterial access, WBC White blood cell
*Data are expressed as median and IQR and compared by Jonckheere-Terpstra test
†Fluid balance during entire ECMO treatment
¶During 3 days from ECMO commencement
‡Daily fluid balance during ICU admission before ECMO commencement