Table 3.
Bivariate analysis results showing individual and household-level factors associated with Plasmodium infection among the study participants, Jimma, south-western Ethiopia
| Variables | Examined by PCR, n (%) | Positive, n (%) | p-value | COR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||||
| < 5 | 117 (19.40) | 11 (9.40) | 0.336 | 1.46 (0.68–3.14) |
| 5–15 | 185 (30.68) | 23 (12.43) | 0.032 | 1.99 (1.06–3.74)* |
| > 15 | 301 (49.92) | 20 (6.64) | Ref | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 270 (44.78) | 24 (8.89) | Ref | |
| Female | 333 (55.22) | 30 (9.01) | 0.959 | 1.01 (0.58–1.78) |
| Malaria in the preceding 1 year | ||||
| Yes | 72 (11.94) | 16 (22.22) | 0.001 | 3.71 (1.94–7.07)* |
| No | 531 (88.06) | 38 (7.16) | Ref | |
| Fever at the time of survey | ||||
| Yes | 14 (2.32) | 5 (35.71) | 0.002 | 6.12 (1.97–18.98)* |
| No | 589 (97.68) | 49 (8.32) | Ref | |
| ITN usage the preceding night | ||||
| Yes | 243 (40.30) | 18 (7.41) | Ref | |
| No | 360 (59.70) | 36 (10.00) | 0.276 | 1.39 (0.77–2.51) |
| Roof structure | ||||
| Iron sheet | 398 (66.00) | 32 (8.04) | Ref | |
| Thatched | 205 (34.00) | 22 (10.73) | 0.274 | 1.38 (0.78–2.43) |
| Visible hole on house wall | ||||
| No | 418 (69.32) | 36 (8.61) | Ref | |
| Yes | 185 (30.68) | 18 (9.73) | 0.658 | 1.14 (0.63–2.07) |
| Presence of window | ||||
| No | 210 (34.83) | 16 (7.62) | Ref | |
| Yes | 393 (65.17) | 38 (9.67) | 0.402 | 1.30 (0.71–2.39) |
| Eave gap | ||||
| Absent | 450 (74.63) | 37 (8.22) | Ref | |
| Present | 153 (25.37) | 17 (11.11) | 0.281 | 1.40 (0.76–2.56) |
| Area of residence | ||||
| Doyo Yaya | 375 (62.19) | 49 (13.07) | 0.001 | 6.70 (2.63–17.08)* |
| Others** | 228 (37.81) | 5 (2.19) | Ref | |
| Spray status of the structure | ||||
| Not sprayed | 372 (61.69) | 49 (13.17) | 0.001 | 6.86 (2.69–17.48)* |
| Sprayed | 231 (38.31) | 5 (2.16) | Ref | |
| Animals sleeping in the house | ||||
| No | 291 (48.26) | 25 (8.59) | Ref | |
| Yes | 312 (51.74) | 29 (9.29) | 0.762 | 1.09 (0.62–1.91) |
| Individual residing in | ||||
| Index house | 120 (19.90) | 21 (17.50) | 0.001 | 2.89 (1.60–5.21)* |
| Neighbour | 483 (80.10) | 33 (6.83) | Ref | |
| Plasmodium species of the index house | ||||
| P. vivax | 197 (32.67) | 9 (4.57) | Ref | |
| P. falciparum | 406 (67.33) | 45 (11.08) | 0.011 | 2.60 (1.25–5.44)* |
| Family size | ||||
| Less than five | 279 (46.27) | 11 (3.94) | Ref | |
| Five or more | 324 (53.73) | 43 (13.27) | 0.001 | 3.73 (1.88–7.38)* |
| Access to ITN | ||||
| Sufficient | 217 (35.99) | 11 (5.07) | Ref | |
| Not sufficient | 386 (64.01) | 43 (11.14) | 0.015 | 2.35 (1.18–4.65)* |
COR crude odds ratio, ref reference
* Significant at p < 0.05, ** includes all the remaining catchment kebeles of the selected health centres