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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Neurosci. 2018 Aug 28;41(11):853–868. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.08.005

Table 2.

Glucocorticoid Responses to Addictive Substances Across Species

Substance Population Effect on glucocorticoids
Cannabis Rodent Increase[38]
Human Increase[39]
Alcohol Rodent Increase[40]
Human Increase[41]
Stimulant Rodent Increase[42]
Human Increase[43]
Opiate Rodent Increase[44]
Human Decrease[45]
Nicotine Rodent Increase[46]
Human Increase[47]

Note: example references are provided (not an exhaustive list). Only studies on non-dependent populations are included.