Table 4.
Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI) of AMD according to quartile of dietary intake of folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, choline, and betaine (146 case-control pairs) in Physicians’ Health Study II.
|
Quartile |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | P (trend) | |
| Total Folate, μg/d | |||||
| Median (range) | 305.6 (214.7–338.6) | 387.8 (344.8–461.2) | 555.6 (463.5–698.5) | 924.5 (698.7–1,821.9) | |
| Cases/Controls | 45/36 | 47/37 | 28/37 | 26/36 | |
| Model 1, OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.90 (0.46–1.77) | 0.52 (0.25–1.08) | 0.53 (0.25–1.13) | 0.04 |
| Model 2, OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.82 (0.39–1.71) | 0.51 (0.23–1.14) | 0.55 (0.25–1.22) | 0.08 |
| Model 3, OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.80 (0.37–1.71) | 0.48 (0.21–1.09) | 0.55 (0.24–1.23) | 0.08 |
| Folate (food only), μg/d | |||||
| Median (range) | 201.4 (146.1–223.0) | 255.5 (225.6–271.3) | 290.6 (272.3–312.1) | 355.6 (312.9–713.8) | |
| Cases/Controls | 37/37 | 38/36 | 31/37 | 40/36 | |
| Model 1, OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.15 (0.59–2.21) | 0.80 (0.41–1.56) | 1.15 (0.58–2.30) | 0.97 |
| Model 2, OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.18 (0.59–2.34) | 0.85 (0.41–1.75) | 1.30 (0.62–2.72) | 0.68 |
| Model 3, OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.19 (0.59–2.41) | 0.84 (0.40–1.77) | 1.29 (0.61–2.74) | 0.70 |
| Total Vitamin B6, mg/d | |||||
| Median (range) | 1.6 (1.2–1.8) | 2.0 (1.8–2.1) | 2.6 (2.2–3.5) | 4.6 (3.5–94.7) | |
| Cases/Controls | 45/36 | 42/37 | 30/37 | 29/36 | |
| Model 1, OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.04 (0.55–1.96) | 0.61 (0.31–1.19) | 0.67 (0.33–1.37) | 0.14 |
| Model 2, OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.02 (0.52–2.00) | 0.56 (0.28–1.15) | 0.68 (0.32–1.45) | 0.17 |
| Model 3, OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.00 (0.51-.1.99) | 0.53 (0.26–1.10) | 0.67 (0.31–1.44) | 0.16 |
| Vitamin B6 (food only), mg/d | |||||
| Median (range) | 1.6 (1.2–1.8) | 1.9 (1.8–2.1) | 2.2 (2.1–2.5) | 3.2 (2.5–5.5) | |
| Cases/Controls | 53/37 | 46/36 | 30/37 | 17/36 | |
| Model 1, OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.98 (0.50–1.91) | 0.52 (0.26–1.06) | 0.39 (0.18–0.81) | 0.005 |
| Model 2, OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.98 (0.48–2.00) | 0.51 (0.24–1.10) | 0.40 (0.18–0.89) | 0.01 |
| Model 3, OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.97 (0.47–1.99) | 0.49 (0.23–1.06) | 0.39 (0.17–0.88) | 0.01 |
| Total Vitamin B12, μg/d | |||||
| Median (range) | 3.4 (0.2–4.4) | 5.3 (4.4–6.2) | 7.6 (6.3–12.5) | 16.2 (12.7–156.3) | |
| Cases/Controls | 38/37 | 42/36 | 39/36 | 27/37 | |
| Model 1, OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.99 (0.52–1.90) | 0.97 (0.49–1.94) | 0.68 (0.34–1.38) | 0.28 |
| Model 2, OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.95 (0.47–1.89) | 1.08 (0.52–2.27) | 0.66 (0.30–1.44) | 0.34 |
| Model 3, OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.92 (0.46–1.85) | 1.06 (0.50–2.26) | 0.67 (0.30–1.46) | 0.35 |
| Vitamin B12 (food only) μg/d | |||||
| Median (range) | 3.5 (0.2–4.0) | 4.7 (4.0–5.8) | 6.5 (5.9–8.7) | 13.0 (8.7–35.3) | |
| Cases/Controls | 33/37 | 54/36 | 29/36 | 30/37 | |
| Model 1, OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.45 (0.78–2.71) | 0.85 (0.41–1.78) | 0.90 (0.46–1.76) | 0.36 |
| Model 2, OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.49 (0.77–2.87) | 0.92 (0.43–1.98) | 1.01 (0.50–2.07) | 0.63 |
| Model 3, OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.48 (0.75–2.90) | 0.88 (0.40–1.93) | 1.01 (0.48–2.10) | 0.59 |
| Choline, mg/d | |||||
| Median (range) | 245.2 (163.7–268.3) | 280.3 (268.4–305.7) | 323.5 (306.3–336.7) | 369.0 (337.1–487.7) | |
| Cases/Controls | 39/37 | 43/36 | 35/37 | 29/36 | |
| Model 1, OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.00 (0.51–1.94) | 0.81 (0.40–1.65) | 0.68 (0.34–1.39) | 0.23 |
| Model 2, OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.98 (0.49–1.97) | 0.81 (0.38–1.71) | 0.70 (0.33–1.51) | 0.30 |
| Model 3, OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.97 (0.48–1.96) | 0.80 (0.38–1.69) | 0.69 (0.32–1.50) | 0.29 |
| Choline, water soluble, mg/d | |||||
| Median (range) | 101.4 (74.1–116.7) | 128.2 (116.9–135.7) | 143.8 (135.9–162.0) | 179.0 (162.5–241.2) | |
| Cases/Controls | 37/36 | 42/37 | 45/37 | 22/36 | |
| Model 1, OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.04 (0.51–2.11) | 1.02 (0.51–2.05) | 0.40 (0.17–0.96) | 0.08 |
| Model 2, OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.01 (0.48–2.13) | 1.01 (0.49–2.10) | 0.40 (0.16–1.01) | 0.11 |
| Model 3, OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.12 (0.53–2.38) | 1.12 (0.54–2.31) | 0.41 (0.16–1.05) | 0.08 |
| Choline, lipid soluble, mg/d | |||||
| Median (range) | 117.1 (73.5–129.9) | 147.0 (130.0–160.0) | 174.7 (160.4–192.9) | 216.1 (193.5–365.4) | |
| Cases/Controls | 35/36 | 34/37 | 43/36 | 34/37 | |
| Model 1, OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.86 (0.42–1.79) | 1.25 (0.63–2.50) | 0.92 (0.45–1.87) | 0.94 |
| Model 2, OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.91 (0.42–2.01) | 1.34 (0.64–2.80) | 0.94 (0.44–2.01) | 0.87 |
| Model 3, OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.04 (0.48–2.25) | 1.35 (0.66–2.79) | 1.01 (0.48–2.12) | 0.80 |
| Betaine, mg/d | |||||
| Median (range) | 57.2 (37.7–70.4) | 85.4 (71.5–105.3) | 119.2 (106.4–144.3) | 182.4 (147.2–416.7) | |
| Cases/Controls | 41/36 | 53/37 | 27/37 | 25/36 | |
| Model 1, OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.32 (0.72–2.42) | 0.65 (0.33–1.27) | 0.60 (0.27–1.30) | 0.08 |
| Model 2, OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.24 (0.63–2.44) | 0.49 (0.23–1.05) | 0.56 (0.24–1.32) | 0.05 |
| Model 3, OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.19 (0.59–2.37) | 0.46 (0.21–1.00) | 0.53 (0.22–1.27) | 0.048 |
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; AMD, age-related macular degeneration.
Model 1 – Control for matching factors (age, smoking, time of blood draw).
Model 2 – Model 1 plus control for alcohol use (rarely/never, ≥1 drink/month), BMI (kg/m2), current exercise (≥1 time/wk), history of high cholesterol (self-reported total cholesterol level of at least 240 mg/dL, or past or current treatment for high cholesterol), history of diabetes, and randomized treatment assignment (vitamin E, vitamin C, beta carotene, multivitamins).
Model 3 – Model 2 plus control for homocysteine quartiles.