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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2018 Aug 7;98:86–94. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.010

Table 3:

Indirect effects of DC Ratio on Working Memory through its Impact on Cortico-Amygdalar Structural Covariance

Coefficient or test-statistic Standard error P-value
DC ratio and mACC-AG covariance b = 0.201 SE = 0.0529 p = 1.45*10−4
mACC-AG and working memory b = 0.041 SE = 0.0165 p = 0.013
DC ratio and working memory b = −1.489 SE = 1.014 p = 0.177
Tests of Indirect effects* Sobel test:
Test-statistic = 2.080		 Sobel test:
SE = 0.004		 Sobel test:
p = 0.038
Aroian test:
Test-statistic = 2.031		 Aroian test:
SE = 0.004		 Aroian test:
p = 0.042
Goodman test:
Test-statistic = 2.132		 Goodman test:
SE = 0.004		 Goodman test:
p = 0.033
*

Note that there are three principal versions of the indirect effect ‘Sobel’ test - one that adds the third denominator term (Aroian, 1944/1947 - this is the version popularized by Baron & Kenny as the Sobel test), one that subtracts it (Goodman, 1960), and one that does not include it at all. In some situations, the results of these tests may be different –here, they are basically showing the same results in terms of test-statistics, standard errors, and significance.