Table 1.
Participant characteristics
| Characteristics | Hispanic (N=154)* | Non-Hispanic Caucasian (N=418)* | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at questionnaire completion, years, | <.0001 | ||
| Mean (SD) | 24.24 (5.32) | 29.25 (5.17) | |
| BMI, Mean (SD) | 30.21 (5.33) | 28.85 (5.38) | 0.0075 |
| Weight, pounds, Mean (SD) | 170.34 (32.63) | 175.73 (33.56) | 0.0875 |
| Height, inches, Mean (SD) | 62.95 (2.94) | 65.45 (2.67) | <.0001 |
| Estimated gestational age at questionnaire completion, weeks, Mean (SD) | 35.49 (2.37) | 34.08 (2.41) | <.0001 |
| Education, n(%) | <.0001 | ||
| Less than 12th grade | 14 (9.21) | 6 (1.44) | |
| Completed high school or equivalent | 54 (35.53) | 28 (6.70) | |
| Some college/associate degree | 39 (25.66) | 86 (20.57) | |
| Completed 4 years of college | 26 (17.11) | 160 (38.28) | |
| Graduate or professional degree | 19 (12.50) | 138 (33.01) | |
| Missing | 2 | 0 | |
| Insurance type, n (%) | <.0001 | ||
| None | 66 (43.14) | 7 (1.68) | |
| Medicaid/Medicare | 31 (20.26) | 40 (9.59) | |
| Private | 56 (36.60) | 366 (87.77) | |
| Other | 0 (0) | 4 (0.96) | |
| Missing | 1 | 1 | |
| Work Status, n (%) | <.0001 | ||
| Working full-time (at least 30 hours per week) | 47 (30.52) | 303 (72.49) | |
| Working part-time (less than 30 hours per week) | 19 (12.34) | 43 (10.29) | |
| Other | 88 (57.14) | 72 (17.22) | |
| Heavy lifting or heavy work (total), n (%) | 28 (18.18) | 132 (31.58) | 0.1154 |
| Heavy lifting, pushing/pulling at work | 7 (4.55) | 54 (12.92) | |
| Heavy lifting, pushing/pulling not at work | 26 (16.88) | 119 (28.47) | |
| Urinary Incontinence before pregnancy, n (%) | 0.3983 | ||
| No (ISI score =0) | 127 (83.01) | 333 (79.86) | |
| Yes (ISI score ≥ 1) | 26 (16.99) | 84 (20.14) | |
| Missing | 1 | 1 | |
| ISI** score before pregnancy in women with UI, n (% of women with UI) | 0.0104 | ||
| 1 | 12 (46.15) | 56 (66.67) | |
| 2 | 5 (19.23) | 23 (27.38) | |
| 3+ | 9 (34.62) | 5 (5.95) | |
| Urinary Incontinence during pregnancy, n (%) | 0.0252 | ||
| No (ISI score =0) | 77 (50.33) | 165 (39.86) | |
| Yes (ISI score ≥ 1) | 76 (49.67) | 249 (60.14) | |
| Missing | 1 | 4 | |
| ISI** score during pregnancy in women with UI, n (% of women with UI) | 0.0028 | ||
| 1 | 19 (25.00) | 96 (38.55) | |
| 2 | 18 (23.68) | 74 (29.72) | |
| 3+ | 39 (51.32) | 79 (31.73) | |
| Physical activity (per RAPA**) | <.0001 | ||
| Sedentary | 5 (3.36) | 0 (0) | |
| Under Active | 79 (53.02) | 166 (39.90) | |
| Active | 65 (43.62) | 250 (60.10) | |
| Missing | 5 | 2 | |
| Do pelvic floor muscle exercises, n (%) | <.0001 | ||
| No | 97 (62.99) | 174 (41.63) | |
| Yes | 57 (37.01) | 244 (58.37) | |
| Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) during pregnancy, n (%) | 0.0876 | ||
| No | 122 (79.74) | 358 (85.65) | |
| Yes | 31 (20.26) | 60 (14.35) | |
| Missing | 1 | 0 | |
| Recurrent UTI before pregnancy, n (%) | 0.8776 | ||
| No | 141 (91.56) | 381 (91.15) | |
| Yes | 13 (8.44) | 37 (8.85) | |
| Diabetes (total), n (%) | 11 (7.14) | 12 (2.87) | 0.0294 |
| Diabetes: pre-existing | 3 | 4 | |
| Diabetes: gestational | 8 | 8 | |
| Lung disease/asthma, n (%) | 0.0703 | ||
| No | 151 (98.05) | 395 (94.50) | |
| Yes | 3 (1.95) | 23 (5.50) | |
| High blood pressure (total), n (%) | 6 (3.92) | 3 (0.72) | 0.0136 |
| High blood pressure: pre-existing | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| High blood pressure: gestational | 6 (100) | 3 (100) | |
| Smoking, n (%) | 0.0426 | ||
| No | 154 (100) | 405 (97.12) | |
| Yes | 0 | 12 (2.88) | |
| Missing | 0 | 1 | |
| Chronic cough, n(%) | 0.9786 | ||
| No | 150 (97.40) | 406 (97.36) | |
| Yes | 4 (2.60) | 11 (2.64) | |
| Missing | 0 | 1 |
*
Missing values are not included in the denominator for the column percentages. If not specified, missing = 0.
**
ISI=Incontinence Severity Index; RAPA=Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity