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. 2018 Oct 22;6:499. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00499

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Copyright © 2018 Li, Sun, Li, Kawazoe and Chen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Fabrication of double-ring and hierarchically structural hydrogels and the effects on cell functions. (A) Fabrication of hydrogels with osteon-like double-ring structure by photolithograph and self-assembly. Cell viability of MG63s and HUVECs encapsulated in the outer ring and inner ring of the osteon-like module. Reproduced with the permission from Zuo et al. (2015), Copyright © 2015, American Chemical Society. (B) Degradation of the hydrogel through oNB photocleavage (i). Creation of hydrogels with hierarchical vascular structure by programmable photodegradation (ii). Reproduced with the permission from Arakawa et al. (2017), Copyright © 2017, John Wiley and Sons.