Table 2.
Cultural specific items revealed from emic deep structural and grounded adaptations.
| First Author, Year | Culturally specific item | Rate of grief-related distress | Level of adaptation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tay et al., 2016 | ‘Duka Cita’ or grief reaction in Bahasa Indonesian | 38.7% strong feelings of yearning/longing | Deep structural |
| Hall et al., 2014 | the Kurdish local population, ‘Imitating behaviors of someone who had died’ | Mean scores on adapted ITG were 8.89/36 | Deep structural |
| Hinton et al., 2013b | Cambodian Khmer language the term ‘nuk sreunoh’: to recall with nostalgic longing and CSM-G; ‘In this last month when you thought about the deceased, how much did it cause you to feel not well in your mind or body? | PG-13 endorsed by 8%, CSM-G endorsed by 31% | Deep structural |
| Kokou-Kpolou et al., 2017 | Feelings of guilt related to the context of the death of the loved one and open ended questions about reasons for guilt feelings. | Mean scores on the ICG-R were for migrants and refugees 31.33 vs. 40.20 respectively. Scores on the additional grief items were the most highly endorsed items for both refugees and migrants (mean 2.85 and 2.15 out of 4 respectively). | Deep structural |
| Higson-Smith, 2014 | Bereaved clients (compared to non bereaved) were more likely to experience elevated symptoms of distress such as crying easily, suicidal thoughts, pounding heart and headaches. | Grounded | |
| Hinton et al., 2013c | (1) tdaay haong: or bad death (2) rebirth: (3) dreams of the dead ‘khyal attack’: distress and anxiety type somatic symptoms | 76% pained remembering of the deceased.72% concerns over spiritual status of the dead, 73% cried when recalling the dead, multiple somatic symptoms from 67 to 88%, 70% of participants attributed distress trigged by pained recall of the deceased to a khyal attack | Grounded |
| Hinton et al., 2013a | Dreams of the dead questionnaire | 52% of participants had dreamed of the deceased in the past month. The frequency of dreams was significantly correlated with scores on the PG-13 (r = 0.59) | Grounded |
PG-13, Prolonged Grief Disorder scale; ITG, Inventory of Traumatic Grief; ICG-r, Inventory of Complicated Grief-revised; CSM-G, Culturally Specific Measurement Grief.