Table 6.

Illustration of outcomes of the RCTs and CSs.

Category	Study type	No. RCTs No. CSs	VLP	EF	I2	Effect model	RR	MD	95% CI	P-value
G-W score	CS	3	79	74	0%	Fixed	–	−0.39	[−0.88, 0.10]	0.12
VAS score	CS	2	71	74	0%	Fixed	–	−0.81	[−1.67, 004]	0.06
Flexion	RCT	4	136	140	51%	Random	–	−0.71	[−5.19, 3.78]	0.76
	CS	3	65	64	69%	Random	–	7.90	[3.02, 12.78]	0.002*
Extension	RCT	4	136	140	64%	Random	–	1.78	[−4.36, 7.93]	0.57
	CS	3	65	64	41%	Fixed	–	2.23	[−0.47, 4.92]	0.11
Pronation	RCT	4	136	140	69%	Random	–	3.60	[−0.41, 7.60]	0.08
	CS	3	65	64	28%	Fixed	–	5.69	[3.53, 7.85]	<0.00001*
Supination	RCT	4	136	140	72%	Random	–	−0.17	[−4.51, 4.17]	0.94
	CS	3	65	64	74%	Random	–	6.35	[1.12, 11.57]	0.02*
Ulnar deviation	RCT	4	136	140	38%	Fixed	–	0.06	[−3.02, 3.14]	0.97
	CS	3	65	64	63%	Random	–	0.99	[−0.86, 2.83]	0.29
Radial deviation	RCT	4	136	140	0%	Fixed	–	−2.76	[−6.36, 0.84]	0.13
	CS	3	65	64	42%	Fixed	–	1.49	[0.18, 2.80]	0.03*
Volar tilt	RCT	5	198	213	68%	Random	–	1.60	[−0.12, 3.31]	0.07
	CS	9	287	308	94%	Random	–	2.99	[0.62, 5.36]	0.01*
Radial inclination	RCT	4	148	159	81%	Random	–	−0.50	[−2.19, 1.19]	0.56
	CS	7	216	234	35%	Fixed	–	0.39	[0.07, 0.71]	0.02*
Ulnar variance	RCT	4	137	152	0%	Fixed	–	−0.81	[−1.25, −0.37]	0.0003*
	CS	6	213	238	79%	Random	–	−0.22	[−1.05, 0.61]	0.61
Radial length	RCT	4	162	175	56%	Random	–	−0.26	[−0.62, 1.13]	0.56
	CS	5	163	181	48%	Fixed	–	−0.01	[−0.30, 0.27]	0.93
Infection	RCT	7	338	353	0%	Fixed	0.25	–	[0.07, 0.42]	0.005*
	CS	8	277	265	0%	Fixed	0.17	–	[0.06, 0.40]	0.0001*
CRPS	RCT	7	326	343	0%	Fixed	0.78	–	[0.44, 1.40]	0.41
	CS	5	165	177	0%	Fixed	0.31	–	[0.12, 0.79]	0.01*
CTS	RCT	7	339	342	0%	Fixed	1.67	–	[0.75, 3.72]	0.21
	CS	3	103	127	0%	Fixed	4.12	–	[0.69, 24.53]	0.12
RSD	CS	2	71	74	0%	Fixed	0.26	–	[0.03, 2.19]	0.21

RR: relative risk; MD: mean difference; CRPS: complex regional pain syndrome; CTS: carpal tunnel syndrome; RSD: Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy. * for significant values.