Table 2.
Percutaneous cholecystostomy data.
| Study | Indication | Timing of placement | Duration of drainage | Protocol for removal | Morbidity (%) | Mortality (%) |
| Abi-Haidar (2012)1 | – | – | – | – | PCT 20.6 (iatrogenic injury 15.7, other PCT related 5.9) | 15.7 (FU) |
| Al-jundi (2012)2 | FRMT at 36–48 h | – | – | – | – | 16.7 (30-day) |
| Anderson 2013)3 | – | – | – | – | CC Gr: 5.8 | 1.1 |
| ACC Gr: 10.4 | 2.6 | |||||
| Atar (2014)4 | – | mean 2 d (6 h–4 d) | – | CDC | PCT 30-day 7.4 (bleeding 1.2, dislodgment 6.2) | 18.5 (24.7 FU) |
| Bakkaloglu (2006)5 | – | – | mean 23 d (R 14–32 ) | CDC | PCT 14.8 (dislodgment 11.1 bleeding 3.7) | – |
| Bickel (2016)6 | FRMT | Gr1 OTD 1–2 d (n = 12) | – | – | – | – |
| Gr2 OTD 3–6 d (n = 30) | ||||||
| Gr3 OTD 7–10 d (n = 17) | ||||||
| Boules (2016)7 | FRMT 48–72 h in patients not fit for surgery due to comorbidity | – | – | CDC | – | 38.5 (30-day); 0 (PCT) |
| Carrafiello (2012)8 | – | – | median 23 d (R 14–34 d) | – | PCT 10 (dislodgement 6.7, haematoma 3.3) | 0 |
| Cha (2014)9 | – | – | – | CDC then no recurrence on 3-d clamp | Failure to remove PCT 34.0 (according to described protocol) | 2.12 |
| Chang (2014)10 | High operative risk + FRMT treatment, impending rupture of distended gallbladder, suspected gallbladder necrosis/perforation | – | 22.9 ± 15.8 | CDC | PCT 3.3 (minor bile leak 1.6, retained T-fastener 1.6) | 0 (FU) |
| Chok (2010)11 | FRMT 2–3 doses of IV antibiotics | ATD All < 30 h | – | CDC | PCT 4.3 (bleeding) | 8.7 (30-day) |
| Chou (2015)12 | Sepsis, localised perforation, progressive intolerance to pain, persistent fever after 48 h medical treatment | Gr1: mean 10.3 ± 6.4 H Gr2: mean 77.9 ± 52.7 H | – | – | Dislodgment 7.7; bleeding 2.4; bile leak 1.4 | Gr1: 7.3; Gr2: 5 (P = 0.572) |
| De Mestral (2013)13 | – | median ATD 2 d (IQR 1–3 d) | – | – | – | 5 (index admission); 18 (1-year); 45 (end of study FU) |
| El-Gendi (2016)14 | – | – | – | – | Gr1: Postoperative 2.7 (bile leak 0; bowel injury 0) | 0 (30-day) |
| Gr2: Postoperative complication 26.7 (P < 0.001); bile leak 10.7 (P = 0.006); bowel injury 2.7 | 0 (30-day) | |||||
| Flexer (2014)15 | – | mean 5.5 d | mean 25.24 d | – | Readmission 50 | 8.3 |
| Griniatsos (2008)16 | FRMT at 36–48 h; deterioration after initial clinical improvement | – | median 19 (IR 17–22) | – | – | 12.5 (PCT 0) |
| Horn (2015)17 | – | – | median 12 (R 0–193) | CDC + satisfactory clinical response | Bile leak 3.9; bleeding 7.2; dislodged catheter 28.1; abscess 3.2 | 4.7 (30-day) |
| Hsieh (2012)18 | Septic shock/severe sepsis; gallbladder perforation; FRMT 48 h | – | mean 16.6 ± 14 | – | PCT 16.6 (dislodgement 10.6, bleeding 3.6, bile leak 1.8, blockage 0.6) | 1.2 (PCT bleeding: refused intervention) 15 (30-day) |
| Jang (2015)19 | SIRS; CVA; CKD; inadequate ASA score; immediate ICU needed | – | – | no recurrence of symptoms on clamping PCT | PCT 2.1 | |
| Jung (2015)20 | – | – | – | – | Complications 10.8 (dislodgment 6.8; bleeding 1.4; bile leak 1.4; obstruction 1.4) | – |
| Karakayali (2014)21 | Consecutively allocated to both groups | – | – | CDC | Gr1: complications 9 (bile leak 10.4; collection 8.3; wound infection 6.3) | |
| Gr2: bile leak 2.3; collection 4.6; wound infection 2.3 | 35 (P = 0.003) | |||||
| Khasawneh (2015)22 | Surgeon discretion | – | – | CDC | – | 17.5 ( during index admission) |
| Kinkegard (2015)23 | – | – | – | – | – | 6 (10.7) |
| Li (2013)24 | FRMT 24 h | – | median 26 d | Absence of AC symptoms for 1 week | PCT 4.2 (bleeding) | 1.4 (30-day) |
| Lin (2016)25 | High risk for surgery due to comorbidity Severe cholecystitis; FRMT; patient refusal; suspected empyema | mean 16.74 d (R 3–49 d) | – | symptom relief; or at surgery | 22.6 (dislodgement 16.1; bleeding 4.3; wound infection 1.1; bile leak 1.1) | 10.75 |
| Marci (2006)26 | – | OTD < 12 h | – | – | – | – |
| McKay (2012)27 | – | – | – | – | PCT 16.2 (tube dislodgment 13.2; tube blockage 1.5; bleeding 1.5) | 15 30-day); 32.8 (FU) |
| Melloul (2011)28 | – | – | median 7 d (R 3–21 d) | CDC | PCT 8.7 (dislodgment 4.3, haematoma 4.3) | 13 (90-day) |
| Mizrahi (2015)29 | – | 3.4+/– 03 D | – | – | PCT Gr: dislodgment 12; leakage 4; further emergency admissions 20 | 1 |
| Non-PCT Gr: further emergency admissions 3 (P < 0.001) | 0.4 (P = 0.27) | |||||
| Morse (2010)30 | – | – | – | – | In hospital 62; PCT 0 | 50 (in hospital); 56 (FU); 0 (PCT) |
| Nasim (2011)31 | – | – | – | CDC | Bleeding 1.6; bile leak 0; non-PCT-related 25.8 (pneumonia, hypotension) | 15 (30-day) |
| Ni (2015)32 | – | – | – | – | Dislodgment 1.6; blockage 1.6 | 0 |
| Nikfarjam (2013)33 | – | ATD md 3 D (R 0–41) | median 49 D (R 2–169) | – | 53 (dislodgment 13; infective collection at PCT site 6; non-PCT-related 34) | 9 (30-day); 0 (PCT) |
| Pang (2016)34 | Declined surgery; multiple comorbidities; severe sepsis/shock; gallbladder perforation | – | – | CDC | Dislodgement 14; drain obstruction 7; bile leak 2.8; bowel perforation 1.4; major haemorrhage requiring embolisation of cystic artery 1.4 | 8.5 ( during index admission); 32.4 (end of follow-up); 0 (PCT) |
| Paran (2006)35 | FRMT 48 h | – | mean 7.4 d (R 3–28 d) | – | PCT 31.5 (dislodged 29.6; 1.8 bile leak and peritonitis requiring emergency surgery) | – |
| Peters (2014)36 | – | – | – | – | Abscess 3.6; fistula 1.8 dislodgment 7.2 | 0 (PCT) |
| Rodriguez-Sanjuan (2012)37 | Sever comorbidity/ASA3–4; advanced age (single patient aged 93 with ASA2) | – | Gr1: mean 12.4 d (R 8–14 d) Gr2: mean 12.7 (R 6–30 d) | – | Gr1: 31 Gr2: 28.1 | 17.2 (MI during tube placement) 0 |
| Sanjay (2013)38 | – | median 3 (R 1–15) | median 43 (R 28–114) | – | 13 (bile leak 9.4; bleeding 1.9; duodenal fistula 1.9) | 22.6 (index admission) |
| Simorov (2013)39 | – | – | – | – | 5 (ICU admission 28.1; 30 d readmission 29) | 2.6 |
| Smith (2013)40 | – | – | median 48.5 d | – | PCT 14.7 (dislodgement 7; bile leak 5; pain 3; occlusion 3; infection 1) | 12 (30-day) |
| Suzuki (2015)41 | – | – | – | – | Drain reinsertion required 34 | 5 (30-day) |
| Viste (2015)42 | – | – | 6.5 d (R 1–75 d) | CDC | Tube related 11.5 (leak, obstruction, dislodgment); serious 0 | 3.8 (30-day) 24.03 (end of FU) |
| Wang (2016)43 | FRMT; impending rupture; severe sepsis/shock | – | mean 20 d (SD 25.7) | CDC or no recurrence of symptoms on clamping PCT | – | 2.7 (1-year) |
| Yeo (2016)44 | – | median 2 d (R 0–15 d) | – | – | Dislodgment 7.8% | 12.6 (in-hospital) |
| Zehetner (2014)45 | FRMT 72 h | – | – | – | Gr1: 17 | 13 (P = 0.665) |
| Gr2: 9 | 0 (P = 0.233) | |||||
| Zerem (2014)46 | Age; comorbidities; acute systemic complications | OTD median 4 d (R 2–6 d) | median 15 d (R 12–20 d) | CDC | PCT 41.7 (dislodgment, leaking, blockage) | 19.4 (30-day) |
ACC, acalculous cholecystitis; ASA, American Society of Anaesthesiologists physical status classification; ATD, admission to drain; CC, Calculous cholecystitis; CDC, cholangiogram duct clearance; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; d, days; FRMT, failure to respond to medical treatment; FU, follow-up; Gr, group; h, hours; ICU, intensive care unit; OTD, onset of symptoms to drain; PCT, percutaneous cholecystostomy tube; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome;