Table 1.

Predictive parameters for successful and unsuccessful nonoperative management of blunt splenic trauma.

Parameter	Nonoperative management
	Successful4,29,30	Unsuccessful31–33
Haemodynamics	Stable/readily stabilised	Unstable (systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg despite adequate resuscitation)
Blood transfusion	≤ 4 units	> 4 units (to maintain a haemoglobin level > 10 g/dl)
Age(years)	≤ 55	> 55
Leucocytosis	No	Persistent
Other abdominal signs and symptoms	Early resolution of splenic abnormalities obvious on imaging	Onset or aggravating signs of peritoneal irritation (suggesting further bleeding or other overlooked injuries)
	No periods of unconsciousness or brain injuries	Intra-abdominal compartment syndrome (intravesical pressure > 20 cm H2O)
Injuries	No associated intra- or retroperitoneal injuries (on CT) that would require surgical intervention	Worsening signs of splenic injury (repeated ultrasound), post-traumatic splenic defect
	No rebound or guarding
	Complete recovery of bowel movements