Table 2.
Mean (Standard Error) of Vaginal Immunity Biomarker Values by HIV Status Across All Visits
| Biomarkera | t − 2, Mean (SE) (n = 703) | t − 1, Mean (SE) (n = 825) | T0, Mean (SE) (n = 824) | t + 1, Mean (SE) (n = 728) | t + 2, Mean (SE) (n = 641) | Across visits, mean (SE) (n = 3721) | Test of trendb, p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL-1β | |||||||
| HIV− | 4.37 (0.20) | 5.93 (0.20) | 4.77 (0.18) | 4.51 (0.20) | 4.70 (0.21) | 4.85 (0.11) | .1263 |
| HIV+ | 4.53 (0.36) | 5.62 (0.33) | 4.13 (0.28) | 2.23 (0.18)* | 2.44 (0.19)* | 3.66 (0.15)* | <.0001 |
| IL-6 | |||||||
| HIV− | 18.57 (0.65) | 21.95 (0.68) | 18.40 (0.61) | 16.98 (0.63) | 17.68 (0.76) | 18.54 (0.40) | .0022 |
| HIV+ | 18.73 (1.19) | 20.73 (1.13) | 18.15 (1.06) | 10.01 (0.62)* | 9.51 (0.64)* | 14.87 (0.56)* | <.0001 |
| IL-8 | |||||||
| HIV− | 770.03 (39.42) | 879.95 (39.53) | 731.13 (32.55) | 683.38 (31.71) | 749.09 (37.80) | 758.89 (22.25) | .0244 |
| HIV+ | 827.58 (75.79) | 791.49 (63.73) | 522.58 (43.07)* | 267.10 (24.52)* | 278.61 (26.50)* | 489.27 (27.24)* | <.0001 |
| RANTES | |||||||
| HIV− | 40.33 (1.84) | 40.67 (1.74) | 40.46 (1.68) | 38.05 (1.78) | 38.88 (1.98) | 38.88 (1.07) | .1536 |
| HIV+ | 44.11 (3.68) | 52.67 (4.14)** | 92.66 (7.58)* | 107.32 (10.07)* | 98.87 (9.43)* | 74.08 (3.96)* | <.0001 |
| MIP-3α | |||||||
| HIV− | 354.02 (13.20) | 372.58 (13.72) | 358.30 (12.58) | 355.75 (13.30) | 360.06 (14.60) | 358.50 (8.12) | .6108 |
| HIV+ | 322.19 (21.42) | 359.66 (23.31) | 335.98 (20.74) | 207.98 (12.70)* | 200.10 (12.46)* | 278.06 (10.93)* | <.0001 |
| ICAM-1 | |||||||
| HIV− | 459.79 (16.87) | 501.83 (16.07) | 466.53 (15.54) | 482.65 (17.64) | 508.07 (21.91) | 471.17 (10.85) | .0578 |
| HIV+ | 456.01 (30.26) | 501.60 (28.39) | 561.21(32.04)** | 577.70 (35.81)*** | 529.41 (37.57) | 523.22 (21.28)*** | .0076 |
| VEGF | |||||||
| HIV− | 1218.77 (31.26) | 1418.46 (32.11) | 1199.68 (28.44) | 1178.71 (31.06) | 1186.11 (36.42) | 1245.79 (18.13) | .0001 |
| HIV+ | 1226.30 (56.84) | 1313.86 (52.09) | 1126.54 (46.97) | 759.17 (33.14)* | 769.36 (37.08)* | 1023.44 (25.92)* | <.0001 |
| IL-IRA | |||||||
| HIV− | 798.83 (17.25) | 925.17 (17.26) | 847.21 (17.96) | 801.73 (16.82) | 800.88 (17.33) | 839.69 (9.26) | .0083 |
| HIV+ | 765.22 (29.41) | 925.77 (30.54) | 806.19 (29.78) | 619.59 (20.85)* | 614.14 (20.13)* | 742.82 (13.94)* | <.0001 |
| IL-1RA/IL-1β ratio | |||||||
| HIV− | 184.40 (6.25) | 171.52 (4.61) | 184.52 (5.16) | 186.27 (6.06) | 174.25 (5.57) | 181.26 (2.85) | .7806 |
| HIV+ | 170.67 (10.22) | 177.75 (8.53) | 200.40 (10.16) | 245.61 (15.45)* | 214.44 (12.38)** | 199.63 (5.76)** | <.0001 |
| SLPI | |||||||
| HIV− | 131166.6 (9490.20) | 176735.3 (9731.15) | 143549.9 (9153.32) | 127387.2 (9702.52) | 127300.6 (10575.78) | 135600.6 (6041.26) | .1171 |
| HIV+ | 116705.8 (15167.68) | 115983.3 (11082.28)* | 84311.68 (9298.93)* | 51208.56 (6539.65)* | 63744.94 (8498.92)* | 81323.49 (6369.13)* | .0003 |
| BD-2 | |||||||
| HIV− | 1496.27 (121.12) | 1435.98 (95.52) | 1380.48 (104.65) | 1121.45 (91.74) | 1140.64 (98.22) | 1359.97 (66.07) | <.0001 |
| HIV+ | 1944.50 (291.19) | 2118.37 (258.20)** | 1491.94 (201.74) | 888.87 (124.53) | 891.90 (124.36) | 1374.43 (120.07) | <.0001 |
Concentration values for each biomarker are presented in pg/mL adjusted to mg/mL. Total protein. Biomarkers include IL-1β, IL-1 RA, IL-6, IL-8, RANTES, MIP-3α, VEGF, soluble ICAM-1; SLPI, BD-2.
Limited to ±52 weeks.
p < .001, **p < .01, ***p < .05 for testing the difference of biomarker between ‘becoming/HIV+’ and ‘remain HIV’ groups for each visit and overall.
BD, beta-defensin; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; IL, interleukin; MIP, macrophage inflammatory protein; RA, receptor antagonist; RANTES, regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed, and secreted; SLPI, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.