Table 2.

Association between anorexia of ageing and disability incident adjusted for covariates including physical frailty status

	Model 1a			Model 2b
	HR	95% CI	P value	HR	95% CI	P value
Anorexia of ageing (vs. SNAQ score 14 or more)	1.43	(1.04–1.95)	0.026	1.33	(0.96–1.80)	0.093
Frailty status
Robust				Reference
Pre‐frailty				1.53	(1.16–2.32)	0.007
Frailty				2.44	(2.00–4.59)	<0.001
Age	1.14	(1.11–1.17)	<0.001	1.12	(1.10–1.15)	<0.001
Sex (vs. female)	1.40	(1.05–1.86)	0.021	0.74	(0.55–0.98)	0.033
Education	1.02	(0.97–1.07)	0.427	1.03	(0.98–1.08)	0.267
BMI	1.01	(0.97–1.05)	0.721	1.01	(0.97–1.05)	0.643
Polypharmacy (vs. 4 or less medication)	1.43	(1.10–1.85)	0.008	1.36	(1.05–1.76)	0.021
Hypertension	1.05	(0.81–1.37)	0.693	1.07	(0.82–1.38)	0.645
Diabetes	1.37	(0.99–1.91)	0.060	1.28	(0.91–1.77)	0.154
Hyperlipidaemia	0.83	(0.64–1.08)	0.170	0.83	(0.64–1.08)	0.171
Total protein (vs. 7.1 dL/g or more)	1.16	(0.90–1.51)	0.256	1.10	(0.84–1.43)	0.487
Albumin (vs. 4.3 dL/g or more)	1.11	(0.84–1.46)	0.461	1.10	(0.84–1.45)	0.482
Living alone (vs. living with someone)	1.34	(1.00–1.80)	0.053	1.36	(1.01–1.84)	0.041
Drinking status (vs. nondrinker)	0.97	(0.74–1.28)	0.849	1.00	(0.77–1.31)	0.989
Smoking status (vs. nonsmoker)	1.09	(0.64–1.86)	0.760	1.03	(0.60–1.76)	0.923
Depression symptoms (vs. GDS score 5 or less)	1.57	(1.19–2.09)	0.002	1.34	(1.00–1.77)	0.054
Decline in physical function (vs. SPPB score 10 or more)	1.59	(1.19–2.14)	0.002	1.36	(1.03–1.86)	0.032
Decline in cognitive function (vs. MMSE score 24 or more)	1.45	(1.09–1.92)	0.011	1.37	(1.02–1.81)	0.037

BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery.

^aModel 1: adjusted for age, sex, education, BMI, polypharmacy, chronic disease, blood data, living arrangement, drinking and smoking habits, depressive symptoms, and decline in physical and cognitive functioning.

^bModel 2: Model 1 plus adjusted for frailty status.