TABLE 3.
Quality Assessment Tool: Modified Downs and Blacka
| Study | Aim | Patient | Sample | Bias | Cmpr | Outcm | Valid | Blind | Find | Rand | Stat | Cnfd | Adj | Smpl Calc | Power | Total | Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li25 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 12 | High |
| Boutefnouchet4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10 | Mod |
| Garofalo13 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10 | Mod |
| Lee24 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 10 | Mod |
| MacGillivray29 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10 | Mod |
| Mariani30 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10 | Mod |
| Mygind-Klavsen35 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10 | Mod |
| Noh36 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 | Mod |
| Song46 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10 | Mod |
| Yang52 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 11 | Mod |
| Yoon53 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 11 | Mod |
| Zayni54 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10 | Mod |
| Chan6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 9 | Low |
| Osti37 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | Low |
aScoring system: Adj, adequate adjustment for confounding; Aim, aim of study; Bias, selection bias present; Blind, attempt to blind measurers; Cmpr, comparison group identified; Cnfd, clearly described distributions of principle confounders (score, 0-2); Find, main findings of study; Outcm, clearly described outcomes; Patient, patient characteristics; Power, sufficient power in study; Rand, estimates of random variability; Sample, sample is representative; Smpl calc, reported sample size calculation; Stat, statistical tests used; Valid, measures are valid and reliable.
bQuality: ≥12, high; 10 or 11, moderate (mod); ≤9, low.