Table 1.

Potential manifestations of hazing ^a

Emotional	Physical	Organizational
• Decreased confidence and self-esteem • Overly compliant behaviors • Aggression toward self and/or others • Interpersonal conflicts (often linked to trust issues) • Emotional instability • Attachment problems, dependency • Impaired moral reasoning • Suicidal thoughts and behaviors • Debilitating developmental effects • Delinquency/criminality • Disordered eating	• Changes in weight, energy, or sleep patterns • Sexual dysfunction • Substance use (new or worsening) • Risk of doping • Failure to thrive • Sexually transmitted illnesses • Unwanted pregnancy • Trauma to internal/sex organs	• Reputation damage • Loss of community support • Loss of athlete involvement • Financial loss of sponsorships • Loss of talented athlete pool • Academic underperformance

^aAdapted from Brackenridge et al,⁸ Mountjoy et al,⁴² and Stepup! Bystander Intervention Program.⁵²