Table 3.

Summary of individual study findings for trunk and hip muscle strength and performance, with calculated effect sizes (Cohen d) and CIs for group comparisons where appropriate data were available

Study	Variable	Finding in Low Back Pain Group	Effect Size (95% CI)
Evans and Oldreive15	Transversus abdominis endurance	Decreased	1.3 (0.3 to 2.3)
Kalra et al30	Trunk strength in all planes	Decreased
Lindsay and Horton35	Trunk axial rotation endurance toward lead side	Decreased	1.4 (0.5 to 2.3)
Tsai et al52	Peak isokinetic trunk extension	Decreased	1.04 (0.3 to 1.8)
Tsai et al52	Peak isometric lead hip adduction	Decreased	1.0 (0.2 to 1.7)