Table 1.

Different detection methods of uric acid from biofluids (Gochman and Schmitz, 1971; Kageyama, 1971; Kabasakalian et al., 1973; Inoue et al., 2003; Perelló et al., 2005; Cooper et al., 2006; Arora et al., 2009; Uricase/PAP test, 2009; Bhawna and Pundir, 2010; Rocha and Rocha, 2010; Amir et al., 2011; Sanchez et al., 2011; Sidorova and Grigoriev, 2012; Hamzah et al., 2013; WitkowskaNery et al., 2016).

Principle	Technique	Biofluid sample	Detection range (ppm)	References
Enzymatic Uricase Method with 4-Aminodiphenylamine Diazonium Sulfate	Spectrophotometric	Urine	84–2185	Hamzah et al., 2013
Enzymatic Uricase Method with 4-Aminoantipyrine 1 mmol/lPeroxidase	Spectrophotometric	Urine, Serum	0–303	Uricase/PAP test, 2009
Enzymatic Uricase-Catalase Method	Spectrophotometric	Urine, Serum	0–319	Kageyama, 1971
Enzymatic Uricase-Peroxidase Method coupled with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone and N,N-dimethylaniline	Spectrophotometric	Serum	0–160	Gochman and Schmitz, 1971
Enzymatic Uricase Method with Tribromophenol-Aminoantipyrine Chromogen	Spectrophotometric	Serum	0–319	Kabasakalian et al., 1973
Reduction of Potassium ferricyanide and formation of Prussian blue	Spectrophotometric	Urine, Serum	0–185	Rocha and Rocha, 2010; Sanchez et al., 2011
Reduction of Cu(II) ion and complexation with 4,4′-Dicarboxy-2,2′-Bichinoline (BCA)	Spectrophotometric	Urine	2–17	Amir et al., 2011
Biosensor based on Uricase bound PVC membrane	Enzyme-membrane biosensor	Serum	0–100	Arora et al., 2009; Bhawna and Pundir, 2010
capillary zone electrophoresis	Capillary Electrophoresis	Urine	42–168	Sidorova and Grigoriev, 2012
Electrochemical detection	Electrochemical	Proof of concept	17-200	WitkowskaNery et al., 2016
high-performance liquid chromatography	Chromatographic	Saliva, Serum, Urine	1–27	Jen et al., 2002; Inoue et al., 2003; Perelló et al., 2005; Cooper et al., 2006