Figure 2.

Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and oxidative stress measurements in response to CKA treatment. Observed and simulated percentage changes in (A) OCR and (B) oxidative stress in CKA-treated cells compared with vehicle control. In vitro respiration data were obtained from HepG2 cells incubated with CKA and measured using the Seahorse XF instrument. Simulated OCR responses were generated using MITOsym with the electron transport chain (ETC) inhibition parameter value optimized to the measured data. Oxidative stress data were obtained from HepG2 cells treated with CKA and measured using fluorescent imaging. Simulated oxidative stress responses were generated using DILIsym with the ROS production constant value optimized to the measured data.