Figure 3.

TiO₂^SA20(−) NPs induced cytotoxicity in murine macrophages.

Notes: (A) Inverted micrograph of TiO₂^SA20(−) NPs induced cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 cells (bar, 50 µm; magnification, ×20). (B) Effects of TiO₂ NPs on the viability of macrophage Raw 264.7 cells. Cells were incubated with indicated concentrations of TiO₂^SA20(−) NPs for 24 hours. After NPs exposure, live macrophage cells were analyzed to detect cytotoxicity under digital inverted microscope (EVOS^® XL, Life Technologies Co., Ltd.). Later, cell viability was assessed using CCK-8 solutions (Dojindo Lab.) for 1 hour and absorbance was measured at 450 nm using DTX-880 multimode microplate reader (Beckman Coulter, Inc.). Untreated cells were considered as control in this experiment. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of mean; ***P<0.001 indicates significant difference when tested with ANOVA. Tukey’s test was used for post hoc tests.

Abbreviations: TiO₂, titanium dioxide; NPs, nanoparticles; CCK-8, cell counting kit-8.