Table 3.
Predictors of intercepts and slopes of change of each cognitive function domain in 4849 men, the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, 2002–2003 to 2010–2011
| Covariate | Memory intercept |
Memory slope |
Executive function intercept |
Executive function slope |
Processing speed intercept | Processing speed slope |
Global cognitive function intercept |
Global cognitive function slope |
| Demographic | ||||||||
| Age† | −0.033 (0.001)*** | −0.003 (0.000)*** | −0.026 (0.001)*** | −0.004 (0.000)*** | −0.027 (0.001)*** | −0.002 (0.000)*** | −0.033 (0.001)*** | −0.004 (0.000)*** |
| Socioeconomic | ||||||||
| Wealth (middle)† | −0.101 (0.027)*** | – | −0.086 (0.031)*** | – | −0.145 (0.029)*** | – | −0.118 (0.023)*** | – |
| Wealth (low)† | −0.214 (0.031)*** | – | −0.198 (0.035)*** | – | −0.223 (0.032)*** | – | −0.236 (0.026)*** | – |
| Childhood SES (middle)† | – | – | – | – | – | −0.020 (0.010)* | – | – |
| Childhood SES (low)† | −0.068 (0.029)* | – | −0.116 (0.033)*** | – | – | – | −0.076 (0.025)*** | |
| Education (middle)† | −0.145 (0.033)*** | – | −0.149 (0.038)*** | – | −0.131 (0.035)*** | – | −0.157 (0.029)*** | – |
| Education (low)† | −0.361 (0.024)*** | – | −0.302 (0.039)*** | – | −0.243 (0.036)*** | – | −0.355 (0.029)*** | 0.020 (0.009)* |
| Health | ||||||||
| CVD‡ | −0.064 (0.027)* | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Diabetes‡ | – | – | – | – | −0.079 (0.035)* | – | – | – |
| Physical functioning | ||||||||
| ADL§ | −0.198 (0.025)*** | – | −0.184 (0.029)*** | – | −0.079 (0.026)*** | – | −0.187 (0.022)*** | −0.013 (0.007)* |
| Poor mobility‡‡ | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Health behaviours | ||||||||
| BMI¶ | 0.011 (0.003)** | – | – | 0.006 (0.002)* | – | |||
| Current smoker‡ | – | – | −0.065 (0.033)* | – | −0.072 (0.031)* | – | – | – |
| Daily alcohol drinking‡ | 0.081 (0.022)*** | – | 0.101 (0.026)*** | – | 0.069 (0.024)** | −0.017 (0.008)* | 0.094 (0.019)*** | – |
| Physically inactive‡ | −0.141 (0.027)*** | – | −0.116 (0.031)*** | – | −0.104 (0.029)*** | – | −0.139 (0.015)*** | −0.015 (0.007)* |
| Depression‡ | – | – | −0.076 (0.030)* | −0.022 (0.011)* | – | −0.054 (0.023)* | −0.020 (0.007)* | |
| Dementia‡ | −0.413 (0.064)*** | −0.158 (0.027)*** | −0.198 (0.073)*** | −0.223 (0.031)*** | −0.307 (0.069)*** | −0.094 (0.028)*** | −0.358 (0.055)*** | −0.191 (0.021)*** |
***P<0.001, **P<0.01, *P<0.05.
Cognitive function domain scores are standardised to the z-score, mean 0 and SD 1. All predictors were entered simultaneously.
Cells with dashes represent non-significant effects.
†Measured at baseline.
‡Ever reported between waves 1 and 5.
§Ever reported 1+ limitations with ADL.
¶Average between wave 0, wave 2 and wave 4.
ADL, activities of daily living; BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; SES, socioeconomic status.