. 2018 May 23;5(3):276–292. doi: 10.1080/23328940.2018.1468205

Table 3.

Core temperature estimations of T_cf (Equation 16) as compared to core temperature estimates using specific heat, i.e., assuming a 1ºC increase in body temperature required 4.65 J for a 13.4-kg boy (denoted T_c) in shade and sun. Difference represented by $T_{c} - T_{c_{e q}}$ . All values are in ºC. Mean of each day by car and condition provided with standard deviations (SD) after 50min and 60min of time within the given vehicle.

			SHADE				SUN
Vehicle Type	Date	Time from Start (min)	T_cf (ºC)	T_c (ºC)	Difference $\pm$ SD (ºC)	$∆ {\bar{T}}_{c}$ Rate (ºC min^-1)	T_cf (ºC)	T_c (ºC)	Difference $\pm$ SD (ºC)	$∆ {\bar{T}}_{c}$ Rate (ºC min^-1)
Midsize Sedan	25-Jun	50	38.2	38.4	0.13 $\pm$ 0.19	0.029	38.9	39.2	0.25 $\pm$ 0.67	0.045
		60	38.3	38.6	0.30^a $\pm$ 0.21	0.029	39.1	39.5	0.38 $\pm$ 0.98	0.045
	26-Jun^{^}	50	37.8	37.6	−0.26 $\pm$ 0.22	0.017	38.6	38.4	−0.24 $\pm$ 0.45	0.035
		60	37.9	37.8	−0.07 $\pm$ 0.22	0.017	38.7	38.9	0.13 $\pm$ 0.50	0.035
	11-Jul	50	38.0	37.7	−0.20 $\pm$ 0.20	0.020	38.9	38.4	−0.42 $\pm$ 0.24	0.039
		60	38.0	38.0	0.00 $\pm$ 0.22	0.020	38.9	39.1	0.23 $\pm$ 0.42	0.039
Minivan	25-Jun	50	38.1	38.0	−0.06 $\pm$ 0.11	0.026	39.0	38.9	−0.12 $\pm$ 0.16	0.043
		60	38.1	38.4	0.22 $\pm$ 0.11	0.026	39.1	39.4	0.33 $\pm$ 0.27	0.043
	26-Jun^{^}	50	38.0	37.9	−0.02 $\pm$ 0.03	0.024^*	38.8	38.8	0.01 $\pm$ 0.31	0.025
		60	38.0	38.2	0.24 $\pm$ 0.08	0.024^*	38.7	38.3	−0.43 $\pm$ 0.32	0.025
	11-Jul	50	37.9	37.8	−0.04 $\pm$ 0.11	0.021	38.7	38.5	−0.20 $\pm$ 0.16	0.039
		60	37.8	38.1	0.23 $\pm$ 0.09	0.021	38.8	39.1	0.28 $\pm$ 0.24	0.039
Economy Car	25-Jun	50	38.0	38.3	0.27 $\pm$ 0.16	0.031	39.1	39.0	−0.09 $\pm$ 0.18	0.044
		60	38.0	38.6	0.32 $\pm$ 0.40	0.031	39.3	39.4	0.17^b -	0.044
	26-Jun^{^}	50	37.9	37.7	−0.17 $\pm$ 0.09	0.019	38.7	38.2	−0.53 $\pm$ 0.25	0.031
		60	37.9	37.9	−0.01 $\pm$ 0.02	0.019	38.7	38.6	−0.08 $\pm$ 0.03	0.031
	11-Jul	50	37.9	37.7	−0.25 $\pm$ 0.11	0.018	38.8	38.8	0.00 $\pm$ 0.29	0.045
		60	38.0	37.9	−0.05 $\pm$ 0.10	0.018	38.7	39.5	0.78 $\pm$ 0.35	0.045
	Mean at 60min		38.0 $\pm$ 0.13	38.2 $\pm$ 0.29	0.11 $\pm$ 0.16	0.023	38.9 $\pm$ 0.20	39.1 $\pm$ 0.41^†	0.20 $\pm$ 0.40	0.038

Value is for 55min; ^bOnly one value at 60min.

Minivan had a significantly higher mean T_c on June 26^th in the shade than the remaining two car types.

^{^}

June 26^th resulted in significantly lower T_c values overall as compared to than June 25^th and July 11^th.

^†

Significantly greater than mean in shade (significance testing only performed on T_c determined through the specific heat approach).