Table 1.
Clinical Characteristic of the Whole Population and Unsupervised Hierarchical and Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Clustering
| Variable | Total | % | Group 1 | % | Group 2 | % | p | Firmicutes group | % | Bacteroidetes Group | % | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 46 | 12 | 34 | 28 | 18 | |||||||
| Mother | ||||||||||||
| Age | 36.1 | 30.9 | 32.5 | 0.26 | 31.8 | 32.5 | 0.62 | |||||
| Weight | ||||||||||||
| BMI before pregnancy | 24.6 | 24.1 | 24.8 | 0.61 | 23.3 | 26.7 | 0.13 | |||||
| Weight before pregnancy | 68.5 | 69.2 | 68.2 | 0.74 | 66.6 | 71.5 | 0.78 | |||||
| Weight category | ||||||||||||
| Normal weight | 35 | 76.1 | 9 | 75.0 | 26 | 76.5 | 0.3 | 24 | 85.7 | 11 | 61.1 | 0.028 |
| Overweight | 7 | 15.2 | 3 | 25.0 | 4 | 11.8 | 4 | 14.3 | 3 | 16.7 | ||
| Obese | 4 | 8.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 11.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 22.2 | ||
| Weight gain | ||||||||||||
| Weight gain during the pregnancy | 13.25 | 10.9 | 14.1 | 0.025 | 12.1 | 15 | 0.023 | |||||
| Weight change until gwk 24 | 6.4 | 5.8 | 6.6 | 0.46 | 5.8 | 7.3 | 0.067 | |||||
| Weight gain category | ||||||||||||
| Less than guidelines | 13 | 28.3 | 5 | 41.7 | 8 | 23.5 | 0.18 | 11 | 39.3 | 2 | 11.1 | 0.054 |
| Within guidelines | 20 | 43.5 | 6 | 50.0 | 14 | 41.2 | 12 | 42.9 | 8 | 44.4 | ||
| More than guidelines | 13 | 28.3 | 1 | 8.3 | 12 | 35.3 | 5 | 17.9 | 8 | 44.4 | ||
| Weight gain during pregnancy according to the prepregnancy weight | ||||||||||||
| Normal weight | 13.8 | 11.4 | 14.7 | 0.043 | 12.5 | 16.7 | 0.0077 | |||||
| Overweight | 12.5 | 9.5 | 14.8 | 0.37 | 10 | 15.8 | 0.59 | |||||
| Obese | 9.7 | 9.7 | 9.7 | |||||||||
| Season | ||||||||||||
| Fall | 3 | 6.5 | 8 | 66.7 | 12 | 35.3 | 0.24 | 3 | 10.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.62 |
| Spring | 10 | 21.7 | 1 | 8.3 | 9 | 26.5 | 8 | 28.6 | 2 | 11.1 | ||
| Summer | 13 | 28.3 | 2 | 16.7 | 11 | 32.4 | 10 | 35.7 | 3 | 16.7 | ||
| Winter | 20 | 43.5 | 8 | 66.7 | 12 | 35.3 | 18 | 64.3 | 2.0 | 11.1 | ||
| Stress | ||||||||||||
| PRAQ, sum | 22.7 | 23.0 | 22.5 | 0.9 | 22.6 | 22.8 | 1 | |||||
| PRAQ, factor 1 | 6.3 | 6.6 | 6.3 | 0.9 | 6.3 | 6.5 | 0.62 | |||||
| PRAQ, factor 2 | 8.9 | 8.5 | 9.0 | 0.8 | 9.0 | 8.7 | 0.55 | |||||
| PRAQ, factor 3 | 7.4 | 7.9 | 7.2 | 0.4 | 7.3 | 7.6 | 0.71 | |||||
| SCL, sum | 2.8 | 3.1 | 2.7 | 0.6 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 0.47 | |||||
| EPDS, sum | 4.0 | 4.5 | 3.8 | 0.5 | 3.7 | 4.5 | 0.70 | |||||
| Infant | ||||||||||||
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Boy | 18 | 39.1 | 5 | 41.7 | 13 | 38.2 | 1.00 | 10 | 35.7 | 8 | 44.4 | 0.77 |
| Girl | 28 | 60.9 | 7 | 58.3 | 21 | 61.8 | 18 | 64.3 | 10 | 55.6 | ||
| Duration of the gestation | 40 | 40 | 40 | 0.42 | 40 | 39 | 0.025 | |||||
| Birth weight | 3540 | 3525 | 3545 | 0.8 | 3566 | 3397 | 0.42 | |||||
| Birth height | 50.6 | 50.9 | 50.4 | 0.75 | 50.8 | 49.4 | 0.17 | |||||
| Mode of delivery | ||||||||||||
| Vaginal | 37 | 80.4 | 11 | 91.7 | 26 | 76.5 | 1 | 23 | 82.1 | 14 | 77.8 | 0.81 |
| C-section | 8 | 17.4 | 1 | 8.3 | 7 | 20.6 | 4 | 14.3 | 4 | 22.2 | ||
| Maternal diseases | ||||||||||||
| Pre-eclampsia | 1 | 2.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 2.9 | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 5.6 | 1 |
| Gestational diabetes | 4 | 8.7 | 1 | 8.3 | 3 | 8.8 | 1 | 2 | 7.1 | 2 | 11.1 | 0.34 |
| Gestational hypertension | 3 | 6.5 | 1 | 8.3 | 2 | 5.9 | 1 | 2 | 7.1 | 1 | 5.6 | 1 |
Group 1 and 2 formed by hierarchical clustering.
BMI, body mass index; EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; gwk, gestational week; PRAQ, Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire; SCL, Symptom Checklist, anxiety subscale.