Table 3.

Participants' Baseline and Postintervention Outcomes (Nonparametric or Non-normally Distributed Values)

	Mean ± SD
	Baseline	Final Outcome	P < 0.05	r	Z
BBS	53.39 ± 3.2	52 ± 6.0	0.09a	0.2	1.3
EQ 5D	0.84 ± 0.17	0.85 ± 0.2	0.3	0.08	0.7
Icon FES	17.57 ± 6.1	17.4 ± 6.0	0.3	0.08	0.7
SFT Chair Sit and Reachb	0.45 ± 4.7	1.7 ± 3.2	0.1	0.2	1.3
SFT 8-Foot Up and Gob	14.6 ± 12.4	12.8 ± 8.6	0.07a	0.2	1.5

Effect size r = z/√N (r = 0.1 small effect; r = 0.3 medium effects; r = 0.5 large effect).

^aSignificant within-group differences pre–post calculated with Wilcoxon signed rank test.

^bMetric measurements, but not normally distributed.

BBS, Berg Balance Scale; Icon FES, Iconographical Falls Efficacy Scale.