Table 1.

Food groupings from Dietary Questionnaire for Epidemiological Studies Version 2 (DQES v2)

Food group	Items in the DQES v2
Whole grains	All bran, bran flakes, high fiber white bread, muesli, multigrain bread, porridge, rye bread, Weet-Bix, wholemeal bread
Refined grains	Corn flakes, crackers, pasta, rice, white bread
Red meats	Beef, lamb, pork, veal
Processed meats	Bacon, salami, sausages
Poultry	Chicken
Takeaway foods	Hamburger, meat pies, pizza
Fried fish	Fried fish
Other fish	Fish (nonfried), tinned fish
Fried potatoes	Chips (French fries)
Other potato	Potatoes
Yellow or red vegetables	Capsicum, carrots, pumpkin
Legumes	Baked beans, green beans, other beans, peas, tofu
Cruciferous vegetables	Broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower
Leafy green vegetables	Lettuce, spinach
Other vegetables	Bean sprouts, beetroot, celery, cucumber, garlic, mushrooms, onion, zucchini
Tomato	Tomatoes
Fresh fruit	Apples, apricots, avocado, bananas, mango, melon, oranges, peaches, pears, pineapple, strawberries
Canned fruit	Tinned fruit
Cakes, biscuits, sweet pastries	Cakes, sweet biscuits
Low-fat dairy products	Flavored milk drink, low-fat cheese, reduced fat milk, ricotta cheese, cottage cheese, skim milk
Full-fat dairy products	Cream cheese, firm cheese, full-cream milk, hard cheese, ice cream, soft cheese, yoghurt
Soya milk	Soya milk
Confectionery	Chocolate
Added sugar	Jam, sugar
Crisps	Crisps
Nuts	Nuts, peanut butter
Eggs	Eggs
Fruit juice	Fruit juice
Saturated spreads	Butter, butter-margarine blends, margarine
Unsaturated spreads	Monounsaturated margarine, polyunsaturated margarine
Alcohol–beer	Heavy beer, light beer
Alcohol–wine	Red wine, white wine
Alcohol–spirits	Fortified wines, spirits