Table S1.

Variables included in the analyses

Variable	Role	Data source	Operational definition
Case/control variable
Fibromyalgia	Predictor, outcome	Claims database	Primary, secondary
Clinical comorbidity variables by physician diagnosis
Arthritis/enthesitis	Comorbidity, predictor	Claims database	Primary
Cervical disorders	Comorbidity, predictor	Claims database	Primary
Cervical spinal stenosis	Comorbidity, predictor	Claims database	Primary
Chronic pain syndrome	Comorbidity, predictor	Claims database	Primary
Coccygodynia	Comorbidity, predictor	Claims database	Primary
Headache	Comorbidity, predictor	Claims database	Primary
Interstitial cystitis	Comorbidity, predictor	Claims database	Primary
Limb/joint pain	Comorbidity, predictor	Claims database	Primary
Migraine	Comorbidity, predictor	Claims database	Primary
Muscle spasm	Comorbidity, predictor	Claims database	Primary
Obesity	Comorbidity, predictor	Claims database	Primary
Rheumatoid arthritis	Comorbidity, predictor	Claims database	Primary
Spinal disease/arthritis	Comorbidity, predictor	Claims database	Primary
Shoulder pain	Comorbidity, predictor	Claims database	Primary
Clinical comorbidity variables by psychological diagnosis
Depression (depression and major depressive disorder)	Comorbidity, predictor	Claims database	Primary
Health care resource utilization variables by procedure
Block somatic	Outcome	Claims database	Secondary
Epidural	Outcome	Claims database	Secondary
Epidural: cervical/thoracic	Outcome	Claims database	Secondary
Facet	Outcome	Claims database	Secondary
Facet: cervical/thoracic	Outcome	Claims database	Secondary
Ilioinguinal injection	Outcome	Claims database	Secondary
Joint/Bursa injection	Outcome	Claims database	Secondary
Osteopathic manipulative treatment	Outcome	Claims database	Secondary
Physical therapy	Outcome	Claims database	Secondary
Trigger point injection	Outcome	Claims database	Secondary
Patient-reported outcomes
Physical functioning impairment	Outcome	PHA	Primary, secondary
Lower body impairment	Outcome	PHA	Primary, secondary
Upper body impairment	Outcome	PHA	Primary, secondary
Head and neck impairment	Outcome	PHA	Primary, secondary
Perceived pain impairment	Outcome	PHA	Primary, secondary
Pain	Outcome, mediator	PHA	Primary, secondary
Emotional functioning impairment	Outcome	PHA	Primary, secondary
Anger	Outcome	PHA	Primary, secondary
Anxiety	Outcome	PHA	Primary, secondary
Depression	Outcome	PHA	Primary, secondary
Distress	Outcome	PHA	Primary, secondary
Fatigue	Outcome	PHA	Primary, secondary
Life control impairment	Outcome	PHA	Primary, secondary
Tension	Outcome	PHA	Primary, secondary
Vigor impairment	Outcome	PHA	Primary, secondary
Perceived social interference	Outcome	PHA	Primary, secondary
Percent relief	Outcome	PHA	Primary, secondary
Quality of life impairment	Outcome	PHA	Primary, secondary
Quality of sleep impairment	Outcome	PHA	Primary, secondary
Number of pain regions by procedure location
Arm	Outcome	Claims database	Primary
Cervical	Outcome	Claims database	Primary
Chest	Outcome	Claims database	Primary
Shoulder	Outcome	Claims database	Primary
Thoracic	Outcome	Claims database	Primary
Hip	Outcome	Claims database	Primary
Knee	Outcome	Claims database	Primary
Treatment activity markers
Unique procedures	Outcome	Claims database	Primary
Total procedures	Outcome	Claims database	Primary
Unique medications	Outcome	Claims database	Primary
Total prescriptions	Outcome	Claims database	Primary
Unique diagnoses	Outcome	Claims database	Primary
Total diagnoses	Outcome	Claims database	Primary
Total regions of paina	Outcome	Claims database	Primary
Total regions of painb	Outcome	Claims database	Primary
Days between touch points	Outcome	Claims database	Primary
Physician’s rate of diagnosis	Outcome	Claims database	Primary

Notes:

^aPatient reported;

^bLocation of procedure.

Abbreviation: PHA, Pain Health Assessment.