Fig. 4.

(A) Repeated loss of the PUL cluster in Saccharomycotina evolution. Branch colors indicate the hypothesized presence or absence of each PUL gene for the lineage, reconstructed using Dollo parsimony (i.e., only allowing gene loss because there is no evidence of gene gain by HGT). Black names indicate the absence of PUL genes; blue names indicate the presence of PUL3 and PUL4 but not PUL1 and PUL2; and red names indicate all four PUL genes are present. (B) Model for the order of PUL gene loss and how resulting phenotypes interact relevant to the public goods problem.