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Phenotype of patients (in percentage) chronically treated with opioids for the low back pain and split into two groups (Case = side effects without benefit; Control = benefit without side effects) in order to investigate the pharmacokinetics of codeine and oxycodone excluding DDI issues.
Abbreviations: CLBP, chronic low back pain; DDI, drug–drug interaction; EM, extensive metabolizer; IM, intermediate metabolizer; PM, poor metabolizer; UM, ultrarapid metabolizer.
